seirdy.one/assets/css/main.css

/* CSS that adds the bare minimum for a simple, accessible,
 * touch-friendly layout.
 * Nothing here exists purely for cosmetics; everything addresses a
 * specific a11y, compatibility, or critical
 * usability need.
 *
 * Two exceptions: I re-set the input styles so Safari wouldn't make
 * them pill-shaped, and I tweaked some margins/paddings to make some
 * things evenly aligned.
 *
 * I also don't use any classes except when styling depends on
 * *content* of an element rather than structure/semantics. Examples
 * include images that look better with pixelated upscaling, and
 * posts on the list of entries in the "notes" section that are tall
 * and need a larger contain-intrinsic-size.
 * One exception: a class for narrow width body text. My HTML contains
 * microformats2 classnames for IndieWeb parsers, but I don't actually
 * use those for styling.
 *
 * Some pages (e.g. post archives) are really long despite having a
 * small download size. Rather than resort to pagination, I decided to
 * use CSS containment and content-visibility. I test performance on
 * browsers with heavy throttling and no GPU acceleration to ensure that
 * they're gentle on the CPU. For instance, Lighthouse benchmarks my
 * machine's CPU power at 1200-1300 and recommends 2.8-3.0x throttling;
 * I throttle at 12-15x.
 *
 * "content-visibility: auto" implies containment; however, some
 * browsers don't support "content-visibility: auto" but do support the
 * "contain" property. To be consistent across all these browsers, I
 * therefore use both even if it's a bit redundant. Once the latest
 * Safari has supported "content-visibility: auto" for a year or so and
 * it's in the latest version of the Tor Browser (which typically uses
 * whatever the latest Firefox-ESR was a month or two ago), I'll
 * consider removing these redundancies. I'll probably have to wait two
 * years.
 *
 * To keep myself from caring about minute details, I limited myself to
 * only defining spacing in increments of .25em. Pixels are 1px or
 * multiples of 3px. This also improves compression. No more "finding
 * the perfect value".
 *
 * I cite WCAG 2.2 success criteria with "SC". I also tried to meet
 * the Google a11y requirement of 48px tap targets separated by atl
 * 8px, excluding inline links. This involved increasing font size,
 * padding, line-height, and margins. */

html {
	/* Mobile screens benefit from greater line-spacing so links are
	 * further apart. Dyslexic users prefer the spacing too.
	 * Necessary to meet SC 1.4.8.
	 * <100dpi screens: sans-serif is better. Why did browsers settle
	 * on serif being the default?? */
	font: 100%/1.5 sans-serif;
	/* Nearly every page on my site is taller than the viewport.
	 * Paint the scrollbar ASAP to prevent layout shifts. */
	overflow-y: scroll;

	/* Site is already mobile optimized.
	 * Don't screw up landscape mode. */
	-webkit-text-size-adjust: none;
	text-size-adjust: none;
}

/* This should not take effect on printouts, to save paper. */
@media screen {
	body {
		/* Default font sizes are one-size-fits-all; they're optimized for a
		 * wide variety of complex pages. For single-column websites like
		 * mine, it's ideal to bump it up ever so slightly. This also makes
		 * <sup>, <sub>, <small>, etc. large enough to have decent contrast
		 * with minimal adjustment, and makes tap-targets larger.
		 * Only do this on screen, since printouts already improve legibility
		 * and cost paper + ink.
		 * 109.375% is the minimum required to get text to 17.5 CSS pixels and
		 * superscripts past 14.75 px with most default stylesheets. At that
		 * size, my dark color palette has sufficient contrast.*/
		font-size: 109.375%;

		/* Aligning to the center with space on both sides prevents accidental
		* link activation on tablets, and is a common practice that users are
		* more used to for articles. */
		margin: auto;

		/* WCAG recommends a max line width. Not everyone can resize the
		 * viewport. This isn't for large blocks of text yet, so we don't have
		 * to go by SC 1.4.8.
		 * 40em = lowest acceptable width for titles, nav, footers, etc */
		max-width: 40em;

		/* Phone cases can cover the edges. Swipe-from-edge navigations
		 * should not conflict with the page elements. Focus outlines for
		 * heavily-padded nav links should not be cut-off. All three concerns
		 * are addressed by adding some body padding.
		 * I followed Google's a11y recommendations of "at least 8px space
		 * between tappables" by creating margins/paddings between nav links;
		 * re-use that same amount of space here. 24px is what it takes to
		 * create atl 48px of non-interactive space on <ul> and <ol> elements
		 * containing lists of interactives, with 8px in between.
		 * Don't use relative units here; this margin shouldn't scale with
		 * zoom, or else text will get narrower with zoom. */
		padding: 0 14px;
	}

	/* 45em is too wide for long body text.
	 * Typically meets SC 1.4.8, plus or minus a few characters. */
	[itemprop="articleBody"],
	[itemprop="dataFeedElement"],
	.narrow {
		margin: auto;
		max-width: 34em;
	}

	/* Enable containment, especially useful for achive pages with
	 * long lists of content. */
	body > :not(main),
	main > :not(article),
	li article, /* Archive pages */
	/* We increase the target size of h2/h3 links in a way that would cause
	 * issues with content containment */
	article > :not(h2):not(h3) {
		contain: inline-size layout paint;
		/* Add padding on both sides so that focus outlines don't escape their
		 * containers. This will let us enable CSS containment without
		 * clipping overflowing elements. */
		margin-top: .25em;
		margin-bottom: .25em;
		padding: 0 .5em;
	}

	/* Align titular h1 with top nav and body text. */
	main > h1 {
		padding-left: .25em
	}

	/* Archive pages can get long. Allow them to get long without slowing
	 * down the browser by using content-visibility. */
	dt,
	footer,
	h2,
	h3,
	li article,
	summary,
	aside > a,
	[role="doc-backlink"],
	[role="doc-endnotes"] {
		content-visibility: auto;
		contain-intrinsic-size: auto 3em;
	}

	dt,
	h3 {
		contain-intrinsic-size: 1.5em;
	}

	footer,
	li article {
		contain-intrinsic-size: auto 16em;
	}

	/* Notes can get a bit long. */
	li article[itemtype="https://schema.org/SocialMediaPosting"] {
		contain-intrinsic-size: auto 36em;
	}

	.tall,
	[role="doc-endnotes"] {
		contain-intrinsic-size: auto 50em;
	}

	/* Full-width elements (e.g. display: block) have known widths, so
	 * contain their widths. */
	article,
	body,
	dt,
	h1,
	h2,
	h3,
	html,
	main,
	pre,
	summary,
	[role="doc-endnotes"],
	[role="doc-preface"] {
		contain: inline-size layout paint;
	}

	figure,
	p {
		contain: inline-size layout;
	}

	/* Containment changed spaicng a bit; correct that. */
	article > h2 {
		margin: .25em 0;
		padding: .25em 0;
	}

	/* A11y: If we have a list of disclosure widgets, we need some
	 * non-interactive space on the screen that's safe to tap. */
	details,
	form {
		contain: inline-size layout;
		margin: .5em 0;
	}

	/* SC 2.5.5, Google a11y: Increase tap target size a bit
	 * - Summary is a tappable button
	 * - standalone links in lists are usually parts of collections of
	 *   links that should be easy to fat-finger
	 * - links that directly follow h2 without being contained in a
	 *   paragraph are section permalinks. */

	input,
	summary,
	aside > a, /* Used for section permalinks */
	dt > a,
	li > a,
	[itemprop="comment"] dd > a,
	[itemprop="breadcrumb"] a,
	[itemprop="breadcrumb"] > span {
		padding: .75em .25em;
	}

	/* Compensate for misalignment and wasted space caused by padding
	 * and margin adjustments in nav children made to meet SC 2.5.5
	 * Also prevent overlapping outlines on focus */

	/* We've increased the padding for dt > a, but dt without a link
	 * should take up as much space. */
	dt {
		padding: 1em .5em;
		margin: -.25em 0 -.25em -.5em;
	}

	/* <dt> should not be closer to the previous <dd> than the following <dd>.
	 * That can happen in webmentions. */
	dd {
		padding-bottom: .25em;
	}

	aside > a,
	dt > a {
		contain: content;
		margin: -.75em -.25em;
	}

	header > nav,
	a[href="#h1"], /* skip link */
	[itemprop="comment"] dd > a ,
	footer > nav,
	/* List items with direct hyperlink children should only have one
	 * hyperlink. */
	li > a,
	aside > a,
	nav ol a {
		display: inline-block;
		margin-left: -.25em;
	}

	/* Increase tap-target size of title links. */

	h2 > a {
		contain: content;
		display: inline-block;
		/* Mis-alignment, I have no clue why it's there. */
		margin: 0 .125em;
		padding: .25em;
	}

	h3 > a {
		contain: content;
		display: inline-block;
		padding: .5em .25em;
	}

	article > h3 {
		padding: .25em;
		margin: 0 0 0 -.5em;
	}

	/* align h-feeds in sections; they typically follow articles. */
	[role="doc-backlink"],
	section article p {
		margin-left: -.5em;
	}

	/* The nav has to be distant-enough from the top to make room for a
	 * skip-link. The breadcrumbs also can't have their focus-outlines
	 * overflow while CSS containment is enabled. */
	header > nav {
		padding: .75em 0 .25em;
	}

	/* Multiple consecutive <dt> that share a <dd> shouldn't have tap targets overlap */
	dt + dt {
		padding-top: .25em;
	}
	dt + dt > a {
		padding-top: 0;
	}

	/* Lists of links should have some spacing so tap targets don't overlap. */
	/* stylelint-disable selector-max-compound-selectors -- simplest way to describe link-lists */
	:not(nav) > ul li > a,
	nav:not([itemprop="breadcrumb"]) li,
	ol li > a {
		/* stylelint-enable selector-max-compound-selectors */
		margin: .25em;
	}

	/* Increase backlink tap target size to at least 48x48 */
	[role="doc-backlink"] {
		contain: content;
		display: inline-block;
		padding: .75em .5em;
	}

	/* skip link: make it invisible until focused, and put it on the top. */
	a[href="#h1"] {
		contain: content;
		content-visibility: auto;
		padding: 0 .25em;
		position: absolute;
		top: -2em;
	}

	a[href="#h1"]:focus {
		top: 0;
	}
} /* End of adjustments for screen media type */

/* Make superscripts a bit easier to tap, and prevent consecutive
 * superscripts from touching. */
sup > a {
	margin-left: .25em;
	padding-bottom: .5em;
}

/* Make superscript font size a bit larger so they cross some APCA color
 * contrast thresholds on the dark theme. Also prevent them from messing
 * with line-height. */
sup {
	font-size: 0.85em;
	line-height: 0;
}

/* narrow screens: reduce list indentation, hyphenate nested lists
 * touch screens: lists of links should be easy to tap so give them
 * some spacing (partial SC 2.5.5). There should be non-interactive
 * space to the left that's safe to tap. */
dd,
ol,
ul {
	margin: 0;
	padding-left: 1.5em;
}

blockquote,
ol ol,
ul ul {
	-webkit-hyphens: auto;
	hyphens: auto;
	margin: 0;
	padding-left: 1em;
}

/* Save some space and paper by making the site nav and footer links
 * single-line without bullets. The title should be visible in the fold
 * on most screens so users can identify the current page. */

/* Step 1 to making the single-line nav: remove the bullet padding. */
nav ul {
	padding: 0;
}

/* step 2: remove bullets and make elements inline. */
[itemprop="breadcrumb"] ol,
[itemprop="breadcrumb"] li,
[itemprop="breadcrumb"] > span,
nav ul li,
dt > a {
	display: inline-block;
}

[itemprop="breadcrumb"] ol {
	margin: -.25em;
	padding: 0;
}

[itemprop="breadcrumb"] li:not(:last-of-type)::after {
	content: "→";
}
/* narrow screens: we reduce margin for blockquotes a lot, using
 * a border instead. */
blockquote {
	border-left: 3px solid;
}

/* Narrow screens: allow hyphenating titles I can't add soft hyphens to
 * these. Also decrease the top margin a bit; the navbar and breadcrumb
 * list take up plenty of space on top. The latter is a purely
 * aesthetic choice, since it was annoying me a lot. */
h1 {
	-webkit-hyphens: auto;
	hyphens: auto;
	margin-top: .25em;
}

/* Very narrow screens: full hyphenation.
 * This is the typical width of a smart feature phone. */
@media (max-width: 250px) {
	body {
		font-size: 100%;
		-webkit-hyphens: auto;
		hyphens: auto;
		padding: 0 8px;
	}

	li > a,
	[itemprop="breadcrumb"] a,
	[itemprop="breadcrumb"] > span {
		padding: .25em;
	}

	hr {
		margin: .25em 0;
	}
}

/* <kbd> should be distinguished from <code> and surrounding text
 * in a way beyond font-face; at least two visual distinctions needed
 * Also, Small text is easier to read when slightly bolder.
 * This is important in the dark theme where I set my own colors and
 * try to maintain good perceptual contrast even for small text, but
 * I don't want toggling the theme to impact anything besides color so
 * I set the weight here. */
dt,
kbd {
	font-weight: bold;
}

/* <ins> should not be mistaken for hyperlinks.
 * "note" roles should look distinct. */
ins,
[role="note"],
[role="doc-tip"] {
	contain: content;
	font-style: italic;
	text-decoration: none;
}

/* narrow screens: remove unused figure margins
 * figure captions shouldn't look like regular paragraphs; there should
 * be some extra space.
 * This does not hold true for figures in somewhat distinct sections; the
 * section should instead get the spacing. A section that constitutes a
 * separate schema.org object would qualify. */
figure,
section[itemprop="mentions"] {
	margin: 1.5em 0;
}

section[itemprop="mentions"] > figure {
	margin: 0;
}

/* browsers make monospace small and unreadable for some dumb legacy
 * reason and this somehow fixes that without overriding the user's
 * font size preferences. */
code,
kbd,
pre, /* Needed for ancient browsers */
samp {
	font-family: monospace, monospace;
}

/* Some browsers don't support the hidden attr.
 * I use hidden spans in backlinks to provide ARIA labels.
 * Some ancient browsers don't support input[type="hidden"] */
[hidden],
[type="hidden"] {
	display: none;
}

/* Remove list style from data feeds. */
[itemtype="https://schema.org/DataFeed"] > ol {
	list-style-type: none;
	padding: 0;
}

/* Narrow screens: long words can cause content to flow out of the
 * viewport, triggering horizontal scrolling. Allow breaking words in
 * content I don't control (comments, names). For content I do control,
 * I just add soft hyphens to the HTML. */
[itemprop="comment"],
:not(pre) > code,
:not(pre) > samp,
span[itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"] {
	overflow-wrap: break-word;
}

/* Narrow screens: allow horizontal scroll in a pre block. */
pre {
	overflow: auto;
	padding: .5em;
}

/* Distinguish images from the background in case their color is
 * too similar to the page background color. Also put a border around
 * <pre> and <code> to distinguish them in ways besides font-family.
 * The tappable region of a <summary> extends across the page: we
 * need to tell users that the full space is interactive.
 * This is Technique C25 of SC 1.4.8 */
input,
img,
mark, /* borders provide a distinguishing factor besides color */
pre,
summary {
	border: 1px solid;
}

/* A black border is too harsh; the extra visual noise is distracting
 * to users with eye-tracking or ADHD. Only special items like headings
 * should draw gaze. */
:not(pre) > code,
:not(pre) > samp {
	border: 1px solid #999;

	/* borders shouldn't touch text */
	padding: 0 .25em;
}

/* center standalone images; same justification as
 * for centering the body contents. Also makes images easier to see
 * for people holding a device with one hand. */
[itemprop="articleBody"] img {
	display: block;
	height: auto;
	margin: auto;
	max-width: 100%;
}

/* Stretch out audio elements so the progress meter is easier to use. */
audio {
	width: 100%;
}

/* Some images look blurry when scaled; this makes them easier to
 * read. */
.pix {
	image-rendering: pixelated;
}

/* Make search box and submit button as wide as possible while keeping
 * them next to each other. */

/* Use table-style layout (no, not actual tables. eww.). It's like a
 * single-row flexbox that supports more browsers. Kanged this CSS from
 * ww.gov.uk. Give the entire width of the row to the search box, but
 * allow the minimum width for the submit button. */
legend, /* Makes the <legend> wrap text in some browsers. */
form > div {
	display: table;
	width: 100%
}

input {
	/* Browsers like Safari make the submit button pill-shaped which
	 * clashes with the input box. One of the only purely-cosmetic changes
	 * on this site. */
	appearance: none;

	/* Don't shrink the size of the text in forms or make it system-ui. */
	font-family: sans-serif;
	font-size: inherit;
}

/* A text box should take all available width */
input:not([type="submit"]) {
	display: table-cell;
	width: 98%;
}

/* Pseudo-table-cell containing the submit button */
form > div > div {
	display: table-cell;
	vertical-align: top; /* IE and some botique browsers need this */
	width: 1%;
}


/* Some browser focus indicators are inaccessible; override them with
 * something more visible. See WCAG 2.x SC 2.4.12. I also tried to
 * match browser behavior; mainstream browsers use :focus-visible
 * instead of focus but older/simpler browsers only support :focus.
 * I borrowed these directives from
 * https://www.tempertemper.net/blog/refining-focus-styles-with-focus-visible
 * To my knowledge: <a>, <summary>, and <pre tabindex=0> are the only
 * focusable elements.
 * */

a:focus,
summary:focus,
[tabindex="0"]:focus,
form :focus {
	outline: 3px solid;
}

/* Remove :focus styling for browsers that do support :focus-visible.
 * Leave it on for elements that are supposed to show focus on click. */
@supports selector(:focus-visible) {
	a:focus:not(:focus-visible),
	[tabindex="0"]:focus:not(:focus-visible) {
		outline: none;
	}
}

/* Todo:
 * - Wait till Webkit fixes its broken-ass default dark stylesheet
 *   then consider trimming the dark stylesheet I provide.
 * */