mirror of
https://git.sr.ht/~seirdy/seirdy.one
synced 2024-11-10 00:12:09 +00:00
Reformat markdown with mdfmt
This commit is contained in:
Rohan Kumar
parent
8d43e65750
commit
a078d6a9ee
8 changed files with 215 additions and 595 deletions
13
README.md
13
README.md
|
|
@ -1,14 +1,9 @@
|
||||||
seirdy.one
|
seirdy.one
|
||||||
==========
|
==========
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[](https://sr.ht/~seirdy/seirdy.one)
|
[](https://sr.ht/~seirdy/seirdy.one) [](https://gitlab.com/Seirdy/seirdy.one) [](https://github.com/Seirdy/seirdy.one)
|
||||||
[](https://gitlab.com/Seirdy/seirdy.one)
|
|
||||||
[](https://github.com/Seirdy/seirdy.one)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[](https://builds.sr.ht/~seirdy/seirdy.one)
|
||||||
status](https://builds.sr.ht/~seirdy/seirdy.one.svg)](https://builds.sr.ht/~seirdy/seirdy.one)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Code for my personal website, [seirdy.one](https://seirdy.one). Built with Hugo.
|
Code for my personal website, [seirdy.one](https://seirdy.one). Built with Hugo.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -42,7 +37,7 @@ To test in CI, after deploying to the staging environment:
|
||||||
- webhint CLI
|
- webhint CLI
|
||||||
- [lighthouse-ci](https://github.com/GoogleChrome/lighthouse-ci)
|
- [lighthouse-ci](https://github.com/GoogleChrome/lighthouse-ci)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
CI also runs [static-webmention](https://github.com/nekr0z/static-webmentions) to
|
CI also runs [static-webmention](https://github.com/nekr0z/static-webmentions) to gather a list of WebMentions for me to send and review manually.
|
||||||
gather a list of WebMentions for me to send and review manually.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
See the `Makefile` for details. The CI saves lighthouse reports as a build artifact.
|
See the `Makefile` for details. The CI saves lighthouse reports as a build artifact.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -1,26 +1,20 @@
|
||||||
---
|
---
|
||||||
outputs:
|
outputs:
|
||||||
- html
|
- html
|
||||||
- gemtext
|
- gemtext
|
||||||
title: Seirdy's Home
|
title: Seirdy's Home
|
||||||
---
|
---
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="h-card">
|
<div class="h-card">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Seirdy
|
Seirdy
|
||||||
======
|
======
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
It me! This is the personal website for
|
It me! This is the personal website for <span class="h-card p-author"><a href="https://seirdy.one" rel="author home" class="u-url url">{{% indieweb-icon %}}<span class="p-name"><span class="p-given-name">Rohan</span> <span class="p-family-name">Kumar</span></span></a>, a.k.a. <span class="p-nickname">Seirdy</span> (online handle).</span>
|
||||||
<span class="h-card p-author"><a href="https://seirdy.one" rel="author home" class="u-url url">{{% indieweb-icon %}}<span class="p-name"><span class="p-given-name">Rohan</span> <span class="p-family-name">Kumar</span></span></a>, a.k.a. <span class="p-nickname">Seirdy</span> (online handle).</span>
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Other versions of this website
|
Other versions of this website
|
||||||
------------------------------
|
------------------------------
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
In addition to its <a class="u-url" href="https://seirdy.one" rel="me">canonical
|
In addition to its <a class="u-url" href="https://seirdy.one" rel="me">canonical URL</a>, a "rough draft" of this website also exists on my <a class="u-url" href="https://envs.net/~seirdy" rel="me">Tildeverse page</a>. This site's content also appears on my <a class="u-url" href="gemini://seirdy.one" rel="me">Gemini space</a>.
|
||||||
URL</a>, a "rough draft" of this website also exists on my
|
|
||||||
<a class="u-url" href="https://envs.net/~seirdy" rel="me">Tildeverse page</a>. This
|
|
||||||
site's content also appears on my
|
|
||||||
<a class="u-url" href="gemini://seirdy.one" rel="me">Gemini space</a>.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
About me
|
About me
|
||||||
--------
|
--------
|
||||||
|
|
@ -32,20 +26,14 @@ I'm a FOSS enthusiast, software minimalist, and a CS+Math undergrad who likes
|
||||||
watching anime and tweaking his Linux setup.
|
watching anime and tweaking his Linux setup.
|
||||||
</p>
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Git repos: <a href="https://sr.ht/~seirdy" rel="me">Sourcehut</a>,
|
Git repos: <a href="https://sr.ht/~seirdy" rel="me">Sourcehut</a>, <a href="https://github.com/Seirdy" rel="me">GitHub</a>, and <a href="https://gitlab.com/Seirdy" rel="me">GitLab</a>
|
||||||
<a href="https://github.com/Seirdy" rel="me">GitHub</a>, and
|
|
||||||
<a href="https://gitlab.com/Seirdy" rel="me">GitLab</a>
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Contact
|
Contact
|
||||||
-------
|
-------
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Contact me via <a class="u-email" href="mailto:seirdy@seirdy.one" rel="me">email</a>
|
Contact me via <a class="u-email" href="mailto:seirdy@seirdy.one" rel="me">email</a> (<a rel="pgpkey authn" class="u-key" href="./publickey.asc">PGP</a>), or on the Fediverse via <a class="u-url" href="https://pleroma.envs.net/seirdy" rel="me">my Pleroma account</a>.
|
||||||
(<a rel="pgpkey authn" class="u-key" href="./publickey.asc">PGP</a>), or on the Fediverse
|
|
||||||
via <a class="u-url" href="https://pleroma.envs.net/seirdy" rel="me">my Pleroma
|
|
||||||
account</a>.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Chat with me: I prefer IRC, where my nick is usually Seirdy. Alternatively, I'm
|
Chat with me: I prefer IRC, where my nick is usually Seirdy. Alternatively, I'm <a class="u-url" href="https://matrix.to/#/@seirdy:envs.net" rel="me">@seirdy:envs.net</a> on Matrix.
|
||||||
<a class="u-url" href="https://matrix.to/#/@seirdy:envs.net" rel="me">@seirdy:envs.net</a>
|
|
||||||
on Matrix.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ date: 2020-10-30
|
||||||
layout: post
|
layout: post
|
||||||
title: Seirdy (Rohan Kumar)
|
title: Seirdy (Rohan Kumar)
|
||||||
---
|
---
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Rohan Kumar : He/Him : Age 20
|
Rohan Kumar : He/Him : Age 20
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Online Handle: Seirdy
|
Online Handle: Seirdy
|
||||||
|
|
@ -11,15 +10,7 @@ Online Handle: Seirdy
|
||||||
Other versions of this website
|
Other versions of this website
|
||||||
------------------------------
|
------------------------------
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
This page also exists on the [tildeverse](https://tildeverse.org/), a bunch of \*nix
|
This page also exists on the [tildeverse](https://tildeverse.org/), a bunch of \*nix computers that let people sign up for shell accounts. A typical shell account features clients for IRC and email, common terminal/commandline utilities, and (most importantly) web hosting. Read about the tildeverse's [origins](https://web.archive.org/web/20180917091804/https://medium.com/message/tilde-club-i-had-a-couple-drinks-and-woke-up-with-1-000-nerds-a8904f0a2ebf), read [the FAQ](http://tilde.club/wiki/faq.html), pick [a tilde](http://tilde.club/%7Epfhawkins/othertildes.html) and [get started](http://tilde.club/~anthonydpaul/primer.html). My Tildeverse pages will serve as a "rough draft".
|
||||||
computers that let people sign up for shell accounts. A typical shell account
|
|
||||||
features clients for IRC and email, common terminal/commandline utilities, and (most
|
|
||||||
importantly) web hosting. Read about the tildeverse's
|
|
||||||
[origins](https://web.archive.org/web/20180917091804/https://medium.com/message/tilde-club-i-had-a-couple-drinks-and-woke-up-with-1-000-nerds-a8904f0a2ebf),
|
|
||||||
read [the FAQ](http://tilde.club/wiki/faq.html), pick [a
|
|
||||||
tilde](http://tilde.club/%7Epfhawkins/othertildes.html) and [get
|
|
||||||
started](http://tilde.club/~anthonydpaul/primer.html). My Tildeverse pages will serve
|
|
||||||
as a "rough draft".
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Content on this site also appears on [my Gemini space](gemini://seirdy.one)
|
Content on this site also appears on [my Gemini space](gemini://seirdy.one)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -36,27 +27,15 @@ Location (Seirdy, online)
|
||||||
My handle is "Seirdy" on all the platforms I use.
|
My handle is "Seirdy" on all the platforms I use.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
- The [Tildeverse](https://envs.net/~seirdy).
|
- The [Tildeverse](https://envs.net/~seirdy).
|
||||||
- Software forges: [Sourcehut](https://sr.ht/~seirdy),
|
- Software forges: [Sourcehut](https://sr.ht/~seirdy), [GitHub](https://github.com/Seirdy), [GitLab](https://gitlab.com/Seirdy), and [Codeberg](https://codeberg.org/Seirdy).
|
||||||
[GitHub](https://github.com/Seirdy), [GitLab](https://gitlab.com/Seirdy), and
|
- Social (federated): I'm [@Seirdy @pleroma.envs.net](https://pleroma.envs.net/seirdy) on the Fediverse.
|
||||||
[Codeberg](https://codeberg.org/Seirdy).
|
- Social (non-federated): I'm Seirdy on [Hacker News](https://news.ycombinator.com/user?id=Seirdy), [Lobsters](https://lobste.rs/u/Seirdy), [Reddit](https://www.reddit.com/user/Seirdy/), [Tildes.net](https://tildes.net/user/Seirdy), and Linux Weekly News.
|
||||||
- Social (federated): I'm [@Seirdy
|
- Email: my address is <seirdy@seirdy.one>. I typically sign my emails with my public PGP key: [36B154A782AEA0AC](./publickey.asc). My key is also available via WKD.
|
||||||
@pleroma.envs.net](https://pleroma.envs.net/seirdy) on the Fediverse.
|
- Chat: my nick is Seirdy on most IRC networks. If you don't like IRC, I'm also [@seirdy:envs.net](https://matrix.to/\#/@seirdy:envs.net) on Matrix. I generally prefer IRC to Matrix, and don't check Matrix very often.
|
||||||
- Social (non-federated): I'm Seirdy on [Hacker
|
|
||||||
News](https://news.ycombinator.com/user?id=Seirdy),
|
|
||||||
[Lobsters](https://lobste.rs/u/Seirdy),
|
|
||||||
[Reddit](https://www.reddit.com/user/Seirdy/),
|
|
||||||
[Tildes.net](https://tildes.net/user/Seirdy), and Linux Weekly News.
|
|
||||||
- Email: my address is <seirdy@seirdy.one>. I typically sign my emails with my public
|
|
||||||
PGP key: [36B154A782AEA0AC](./publickey.asc). My key is also available via WKD.
|
|
||||||
- Chat: my nick is Seirdy on most IRC networks. If you don't like IRC, I'm also
|
|
||||||
[@seirdy:envs.net](https://matrix.to/\#/@seirdy:envs.net) on Matrix. I generally
|
|
||||||
prefer IRC to Matrix, and don't check Matrix very often.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
If you find a "Seirdy" somewhere else and don't know whether or not it's me, please
|
If you find a "Seirdy" somewhere else and don't know whether or not it's me, please contact me and ask instead of assuming that it must be me.
|
||||||
contact me and ask instead of assuming that it must be me.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
My preferred forge for personal projects is Sourcehut, but my repositories have
|
My preferred forge for personal projects is Sourcehut, but my repositories have remotes for GitHub and GitLab too.
|
||||||
remotes for GitHub and GitLab too.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Interests, preferences, et cetera
|
Interests, preferences, et cetera
|
||||||
---------------------------------
|
---------------------------------
|
||||||
|
|
@ -65,19 +44,13 @@ I ought to come up with more interests than these, but that sounds hard.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### Free software
|
### Free software
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The word "free" in "free software" refers to freedom, not price. I recommend looking
|
The word "free" in "free software" refers to freedom, not price. I recommend looking it up if you aren't familiar.
|
||||||
it up if you aren't familiar.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
I lean towards simplicity; I usually prefer CLIs that follow the UNIX philosophy over
|
I lean towards simplicity; I usually prefer CLIs that follow the UNIX philosophy over TUIs, and TUIs over GUIs. If a piece of software is complex enough to require a funding round, I would rather avoid it. There are exceptions, of course: I use a Linux distro with Systemd (Fedora), after all.
|
||||||
TUIs, and TUIs over GUIs. If a piece of software is complex enough to require a
|
|
||||||
funding round, I would rather avoid it. There are exceptions, of course: I use a
|
|
||||||
Linux distro with Systemd (Fedora), after all.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Some software I use: Fedora, Alpine Linux, SwayWM, Pandoc, mpv, mpd, Minetest,
|
Some software I use: Fedora, Alpine Linux, SwayWM, Pandoc, mpv, mpd, Minetest, Neovim, tmux, newsboat, WeeChat, and zsh.
|
||||||
Neovim, tmux, newsboat, WeeChat, and zsh.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
More information is available in my [dotfiles repo](https://sr.ht/~seirdy/dotfiles);
|
More information is available in my [dotfiles repo](https://sr.ht/~seirdy/dotfiles); check its README.
|
||||||
check its README.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### Anime
|
### Anime
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -94,13 +67,7 @@ I watch anime. Some of my favorites, in no particular order:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### Music
|
### Music
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
I've put together a periodically-updated [list of tracks](/music.txt) that I've rated
|
I've put together a periodically-updated [list of tracks](/music.txt) that I've rated 8/10 or higher in my mpd stickers database, auto-generated by some of my [mpd-scripts](https://git.sr.ht/~seirdy/mpd-scripts/tree/master/smart-playlists). I'm a fan of glitch, trailer music, and symphonic and power metal; I've also recently been getting into Japanese rock thanks to a few anime openings. Some of my favorite artists are The Glitch Mob, Pretty Lights, Beats Antique, Hammerfall, Badflower, Celldweller/Scandroid, Helloween, Two Steps from Hell, Nightwish, Mili, and MYTH & ROID.
|
||||||
8/10 or higher in my mpd stickers database, auto-generated by some of my
|
|
||||||
[mpd-scripts](https://git.sr.ht/~seirdy/mpd-scripts/tree/master/smart-playlists). I'm
|
|
||||||
a fan of glitch, trailer music, and symphonic and power metal; I've also recently
|
|
||||||
been getting into Japanese rock thanks to a few anime openings. Some of my favorite
|
|
||||||
artists are The Glitch Mob, Pretty Lights, Beats Antique, Hammerfall, Badflower,
|
|
||||||
Celldweller/Scandroid, Helloween, Two Steps from Hell, Nightwish, Mili, and MYTH &
|
|
||||||
ROID.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<!--vi:ft=markdown.pandoc.gfm-->
|
<!--vi:ft=markdown.pandoc.gfm-->
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -3,27 +3,18 @@ date: "2020-11-17T13:13:03-08:00"
|
||||||
description: A seires on setting up resilient git-based project workflows, free of
|
description: A seires on setting up resilient git-based project workflows, free of
|
||||||
vendor lock-in.
|
vendor lock-in.
|
||||||
outputs:
|
outputs:
|
||||||
- html
|
- html
|
||||||
- gemtext
|
- gemtext
|
||||||
tags:
|
tags:
|
||||||
- git
|
- git
|
||||||
- foss
|
- foss
|
||||||
title: "Resilient Git, Part 0: Introduction"
|
title: "Resilient Git, Part 0: Introduction"
|
||||||
---
|
---
|
||||||
|
Recently, GitHub re-instated the [youtube-dl git repository](https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl) after following a takedown request by the RIAA under the DMCA. Shortly after the takedown, many members of the community showed great interest in "decentralizing git" and setting up a more resilient forge. What many of these people fail to understand is that the Git-based project setup is designed to support decentralization by being fully distributed.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Recently, GitHub re-instated the [youtube-dl git
|
Following the drama, I'm putting together a multi-part guide on how to leverage the decentralized, distributed nature of git and its ecosystem. I made every effort to include all parts of a typical project.
|
||||||
repository](https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl) after following a takedown
|
|
||||||
request by the RIAA under the DMCA. Shortly after the takedown, many members of the
|
|
||||||
community showed great interest in "decentralizing git" and setting up a more
|
|
||||||
resilient forge. What many of these people fail to understand is that the Git-based
|
|
||||||
project setup is designed to support decentralization by being fully distributed.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Following the drama, I'm putting together a multi-part guide on how to leverage the
|
I'll update this post as I add articles to the series. At the moment, I've planned to write the following articles:
|
||||||
decentralized, distributed nature of git and its ecosystem. I made every effort to
|
|
||||||
include all parts of a typical project.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
I'll update this post as I add articles to the series. At the moment, I've planned to
|
|
||||||
write the following articles:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
1. [Hydra Hosting](../../../2020/11/18/git-workflow-1.html): repository hosting.
|
1. [Hydra Hosting](../../../2020/11/18/git-workflow-1.html): repository hosting.
|
||||||
2. Community feedback (issues, support, etc.)
|
2. Community feedback (issues, support, etc.)
|
||||||
|
|
@ -31,40 +22,28 @@ write the following articles:
|
||||||
4. CI/CD
|
4. CI/CD
|
||||||
5. Distribution
|
5. Distribution
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The result of the workflows this series covers will be minimal dependence on outside
|
The result of the workflows this series covers will be minimal dependence on outside parties; all members of the community will easily be able to get a copy of the software, its code, development history, issues, and patches offline on their machines with implementation-neutral open standards. Following open standards is the killer feature: nothing in this workflow depends on a specific platform (GitHub, GitLab, Gitea, Bitbucket, Docker, Nix, Jenkins, etc.), almost eliminating your project's "bus factor".
|
||||||
parties; all members of the community will easily be able to get a copy of the
|
|
||||||
software, its code, development history, issues, and patches offline on their
|
|
||||||
machines with implementation-neutral open standards. Following open standards is the
|
|
||||||
killer feature: nothing in this workflow depends on a specific platform (GitHub,
|
|
||||||
GitLab, Gitea, Bitbucket, Docker, Nix, Jenkins, etc.), almost eliminating your
|
|
||||||
project's "bus factor".
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Providing a way to get everything offline, in a format that won't go obsolete if a
|
Providing a way to get everything offline, in a format that won't go obsolete if a project dies, is the key to a resilient git workflow.
|
||||||
project dies, is the key to a resilient git workflow.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Before we start: FAQ
|
Before we start: FAQ
|
||||||
--------------------
|
--------------------
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Q: What level of experience does this series expect?
|
Q: What level of experience does this series expect?
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
A: Basic knowledge of git, and a very basic understanding of email. If you have a few
|
A: Basic knowledge of git, and a very basic understanding of email. If you have a few repos and can use a third-party email client, you're good.
|
||||||
repos and can use a third-party email client, you're good.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Q: Do you think you can get hundreds and thousands of people to drop Git{Hub,Lab,tea}
|
Q: Do you think you can get hundreds and thousands of people to drop Git{Hub,Lab,tea} and use a different workflow?
|
||||||
and use a different workflow?
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
A: No, but that would be nice. If only five people who read this series give this
|
A: No, but that would be nice. If only five people who read this series give this workflow a spin and two of them like it and keep using it, I'd be happy.
|
||||||
workflow a spin and two of them like it and keep using it, I'd be happy.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Q: Is this workflow more difficult than my current one?
|
Q: Is this workflow more difficult than my current one?
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
A: "Difficult" is subjective. I recommend TRYING this before jumping to conclusions
|
A: "Difficult" is subjective. I recommend TRYING this before jumping to conclusions (or worse, sharing those conclusions with others before they have a chance to try it).
|
||||||
(or worse, sharing those conclusions with others before they have a chance to try
|
|
||||||
it).
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Q: I'm not interested in trying anything new, no matter what the benefits are.
|
Q: I'm not interested in trying anything new, no matter what the benefits are.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
A: First of all, that wasn't a question. Second, this series isn't for you. You
|
A: First of all, that wasn't a question. Second, this series isn't for you. You should not read this. I recommend doing literally anything else.
|
||||||
should not read this. I recommend doing literally anything else.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Next: Resilient Git, Part 1: [Hydra Hosting](../../../2020/11/18/git-workflow-1.html)
|
Next: Resilient Git, Part 1: [Hydra Hosting](../../../2020/11/18/git-workflow-1.html)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -2,42 +2,29 @@
|
||||||
date: "2020-11-18T18:31:15-08:00"
|
date: "2020-11-18T18:31:15-08:00"
|
||||||
description: Efficient redundancy via repository mirroring with nothing but git.
|
description: Efficient redundancy via repository mirroring with nothing but git.
|
||||||
outputs:
|
outputs:
|
||||||
- html
|
- html
|
||||||
- gemtext
|
- gemtext
|
||||||
tags:
|
tags:
|
||||||
- git
|
- git
|
||||||
- foss
|
- foss
|
||||||
title: "Resilient Git, Part 1: Hydra Hosting"
|
title: "Resilient Git, Part 1: Hydra Hosting"
|
||||||
---
|
---
|
||||||
|
This is Part 1 of a series called [Resilient Git](../../../2020/11/17/git-workflow-0.html).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
This is Part 1 of a series called [Resilient
|
The most important part of a project is its code. Resilient projects should have their code in multiple places of equal weight so that work continues normally if a single remote goes down.
|
||||||
Git](../../../2020/11/17/git-workflow-0.html).
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The most important part of a project is its code. Resilient projects should have
|
Many projects already do something similar: they have one "primary" remote and several mirrors. I'm suggesting something different. Treating a remote as a "mirror" implies that the remote is a second-class citizen. Mirrors are often out of date and aren't usually the preferred place to fetch code. Instead of setting up a primary remote and mirrors, I propose **hydra hosting:** setting up multiple primary remotes of equal status and pushing to/fetching from them in parallel.
|
||||||
their code in multiple places of equal weight so that work continues normally if a
|
|
||||||
single remote goes down.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Many projects already do something similar: they have one "primary" remote and
|
Having multiple primary remotes of equal status might sound like a bad idea. If there are multiple remotes, how do people know which one to use? Where do they file bug reports, get code, or send patches? Do maintainers need to check multiple places?
|
||||||
several mirrors. I'm suggesting something different. Treating a remote as a "mirror"
|
|
||||||
implies that the remote is a second-class citizen. Mirrors are often out of date and
|
|
||||||
aren't usually the preferred place to fetch code. Instead of setting up a primary
|
|
||||||
remote and mirrors, I propose **hydra hosting:** setting up multiple primary remotes
|
|
||||||
of equal status and pushing to/fetching from them in parallel.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Having multiple primary remotes of equal status might sound like a bad idea. If there
|
No. Of course not. A good distributed system should automatically keep its nodes in sync to avoid the hassle of checking multiple places for updates.
|
||||||
are multiple remotes, how do people know which one to use? Where do they file bug
|
|
||||||
reports, get code, or send patches? Do maintainers need to check multiple places?
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
No. Of course not. A good distributed system should automatically keep its nodes in
|
|
||||||
sync to avoid the hassle of checking multiple places for updates.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Adding remotes
|
Adding remotes
|
||||||
--------------
|
--------------
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
This process should pretty straightforward. You can run `git remote add` (see
|
This process should pretty straightforward. You can run `git remote add` (see `git-remote(1)`) or edit your repo's `.git/config` directly:
|
||||||
`git-remote(1)`) or edit your repo's `.git/config` directly:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
``` gitconfig
|
```gitconfig
|
||||||
[remote "origin"]
|
[remote "origin"]
|
||||||
url = git@git.sr.ht:~seirdy/seirdy.one
|
url = git@git.sr.ht:~seirdy/seirdy.one
|
||||||
fetch = +refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/origin/*
|
fetch = +refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/origin/*
|
||||||
|
|
@ -49,41 +36,32 @@ This process should pretty straightforward. You can run `git remote add` (see
|
||||||
fetch = +refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/gh_upstream/*
|
fetch = +refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/gh_upstream/*
|
||||||
```
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
If that's too much work--a perfectly understandable complaint--automating the process
|
If that's too much work--a perfectly understandable complaint--automating the process is trivial. Here's [an example from my dotfiles](https://git.sr.ht/~seirdy/dotfiles/tree/master/Executables/shell-scripts/bin/git-remote-setup).
|
||||||
is trivial. Here's [an example from my
|
|
||||||
dotfiles](https://git.sr.ht/~seirdy/dotfiles/tree/master/Executables/shell-scripts/bin/git-remote-setup).
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Seamless pushing and pulling
|
Seamless pushing and pulling
|
||||||
----------------------------
|
----------------------------
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Having multiple remotes is fine, but pushing to and fetching from all of them can be
|
Having multiple remotes is fine, but pushing to and fetching from all of them can be slow. Two simple git aliases fix that:
|
||||||
slow. Two simple git aliases fix that:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
``` gitconfig
|
```gitconfig
|
||||||
[alias]
|
[alias]
|
||||||
pushall = !git remote | grep -E 'origin|upstream' | xargs -L1 -P 0 git push --all --follow-tags
|
pushall = !git remote | grep -E 'origin|upstream' | xargs -L1 -P 0 git push --all --follow-tags
|
||||||
fetchall = !git remote | grep -E 'origin|upstream' | xargs -L1 -P 0 git fetch
|
fetchall = !git remote | grep -E 'origin|upstream' | xargs -L1 -P 0 git fetch
|
||||||
```
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Now, `git pushall` and `git fetchall` will push to and fetch from all remotes in
|
Now, `git pushall` and `git fetchall` will push to and fetch from all remotes in parallel, respectively. Only one remote needs to be online for project members to keep working.
|
||||||
parallel, respectively. Only one remote needs to be online for project members to
|
|
||||||
keep working.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Advertising remotes
|
Advertising remotes
|
||||||
-------------------
|
-------------------
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
I'd recommend advertising at least three remotes in your README: your personal
|
I'd recommend advertising at least three remotes in your README: your personal favorite and two determined by popularity. Tell users to run `git remote set-url` to switch remote locations if one goes down.
|
||||||
favorite and two determined by popularity. Tell users to run `git remote set-url` to
|
|
||||||
switch remote locations if one goes down.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Before you ask...
|
Before you ask...
|
||||||
-----------------
|
-----------------
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Q: Why not use a cloud service to automate mirroring?
|
Q: Why not use a cloud service to automate mirroring?
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
A: Such a setup depends upon the cloud service and a primary repo for that service to
|
A: Such a setup depends upon the cloud service and a primary repo for that service to watch, defeating the purpose (resiliency). Hydra hosting automates this without introducing new tools, dependencies, or closed platforms to the mix.
|
||||||
watch, defeating the purpose (resiliency). Hydra hosting automates this without
|
|
||||||
introducing new tools, dependencies, or closed platforms to the mix.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Q: What about issues, patches, etc.?
|
Q: What about issues, patches, etc.?
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -91,9 +69,5 @@ A: Stay tuned for Parts 2 and 3, coming soon to a weblog/gemlog near you™.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Q: Why did you call this "hydra hosting"?
|
Q: Why did you call this "hydra hosting"?
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
A: It's a reference to the Hydra of Lerna from Greek Mythology, famous for keeping
|
A: It's a reference to the Hydra of Lerna from Greek Mythology, famous for keeping its brain in a nested RAID array to protect against disk failures and beheading. It could also be a reference to a fictional organization of the same name from Marvel Comics named after the Greek monster for [similar reasons](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=assccoyvntI&t=37) ([direct webm](https://seirdy.one/misc/hail_hydra.webm)).
|
||||||
its brain in a nested RAID array to protect against disk failures and beheading. It
|
|
||||||
could also be a reference to a fictional organization of the same name from Marvel
|
|
||||||
Comics named after the Greek monster for [similar
|
|
||||||
reasons](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=assccoyvntI&t=37) ([direct
|
|
||||||
webm](https://seirdy.one/misc/hail_hydra.webm)).
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -3,12 +3,10 @@ date: "2020-11-02T11:06:56-08:00"
|
||||||
description: Seirdy's obligatory inagural blog post, which is barely longer than this
|
description: Seirdy's obligatory inagural blog post, which is barely longer than this
|
||||||
description.
|
description.
|
||||||
outputs:
|
outputs:
|
||||||
- html
|
- html
|
||||||
- gemtext
|
- gemtext
|
||||||
title: Hello World
|
title: Hello World
|
||||||
---
|
---
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Hello, world! This is my first post.
|
Hello, world! This is my first post.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
It looks like I managed to somehow get this site working. You can look forward to a
|
It looks like I managed to somehow get this site working. You can look forward to a few more posts in the coming weeks.
|
||||||
few more posts in the coming weeks.
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -1,156 +1,90 @@
|
||||||
---
|
---
|
||||||
date: "2021-01-12T00:03:10-08:00"
|
date: "2021-01-12T00:03:10-08:00"
|
||||||
description: Using thermal physics, cosmology, and computer science to calculate
|
description: Using thermal physics, cosmology, and computer science to calculate password
|
||||||
password vulnerability to the biggest possible brute-force attack.
|
vulnerability to the biggest possible brute-force attack.
|
||||||
outputs:
|
outputs:
|
||||||
- html
|
- html
|
||||||
- gemtext
|
- gemtext
|
||||||
tags:
|
tags:
|
||||||
- security
|
- security
|
||||||
- fun
|
- fun
|
||||||
title: Becoming physically immune to brute-force attacks
|
title: Becoming physically immune to brute-force attacks
|
||||||
footnote_heading: References and endnotes
|
footnote_heading: References and endnotes
|
||||||
---
|
---
|
||||||
|
This is a tale of the intersection between thermal physics, cosmology, and a tiny amount of computer science to answer a seemingly innocuous question: "How strong does a password need to be for it to be physically impossible to brute-force, ever?"
|
||||||
This is a tale of the intersection between thermal physics, cosmology, and a tiny
|
|
||||||
amount of computer science to answer a seemingly innocuous question: "How strong does
|
|
||||||
a password need to be for it to be physically impossible to brute-force, ever?"
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[TLDR]({{<ref "#conclusiontldr" >}}) at the bottom.
|
[TLDR]({{<ref "#conclusiontldr" >}}) at the bottom.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
*Note: this post contains equations. Since none of the equations were long or
|
_Note: this post contains equations. Since none of the equations were long or complex, I decided to just write them out in code blocks instead of using images or MathML the way Wikipedia does._
|
||||||
complex, I decided to just write them out in code blocks instead of using images or
|
|
||||||
MathML the way Wikipedia does.*
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Introduction
|
Introduction
|
||||||
------------
|
------------
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
I realize that advice on password strength can get outdated. As supercomputers grow
|
I realize that advice on password strength can get outdated. As supercomputers grow more powerful, password strength recommendations need to be updated to resist stronger brute-force attacks. Passwords that are strong today might be weak in the future. **How long should a password be in order for it to be physically impossible to brute-force, ever?**
|
||||||
more powerful, password strength recommendations need to be updated to resist
|
|
||||||
stronger brute-force attacks. Passwords that are strong today might be weak in the
|
|
||||||
future. **How long should a password be in order for it to be physically impossible
|
|
||||||
to brute-force, ever?**
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
This question might not be especially practical, but it's fun to analyze and offers
|
This question might not be especially practical, but it's fun to analyze and offers interesting perspective regarding sane upper-limits on password strength.
|
||||||
interesting perspective regarding sane upper-limits on password strength.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Asking the right question
|
Asking the right question
|
||||||
-------------------------
|
-------------------------
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Let's limit the scope of this article to passwords used in encryption/decryption. An
|
Let's limit the scope of this article to passwords used in encryption/decryption. An attacker is trying to guess a password to decrypt something.
|
||||||
attacker is trying to guess a password to decrypt something.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Instead of predicting what tomorrow's computers may be able to do, let's examine the
|
Instead of predicting what tomorrow's computers may be able to do, let's examine the _biggest possible brute-force attack_ that the laws of physics can allow.
|
||||||
*biggest possible brute-force attack* that the laws of physics can allow.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
A supercomputer is probably faster than your phone; however, given enough time, both
|
A supercomputer is probably faster than your phone; however, given enough time, both are capable of doing the same calculations. If time isn't the bottleneck, energy usage is. More efficient computers can flip more bits with a finite amount of energy.
|
||||||
are capable of doing the same calculations. If time isn't the bottleneck, energy
|
|
||||||
usage is. More efficient computers can flip more bits with a finite amount of energy.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
In other words, energy efficiency and energy availability are the two fundamental
|
In other words, energy efficiency and energy availability are the two fundamental bottlenecks of computing. What happens when a computer with the highest theoretical energy efficiency is limited only by the mass-energy of _the entire [observable universe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observable_universe)?_
|
||||||
bottlenecks of computing. What happens when a computer with the highest theoretical
|
|
||||||
energy efficiency is limited only by the mass-energy of *the entire [observable
|
|
||||||
universe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observable_universe)?*
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Let's call this absolute unit of an energy-efficient computer the MOAC (Mother of All
|
Let's call this absolute unit of an energy-efficient computer the MOAC (Mother of All Computers). For all classical computers that are made of matter, do work to compute, and are bound by the conservation of energy, the MOAC represents a finite yet unreachable limit of computational power. And yes, it can play Solitaire with _amazing_ framerates.
|
||||||
Computers). For all classical computers that are made of matter, do work to compute,
|
|
||||||
and are bound by the conservation of energy, the MOAC represents a finite yet
|
|
||||||
unreachable limit of computational power. And yes, it can play Solitaire with
|
|
||||||
*amazing* framerates.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
How strong should your password be for it to be safe from a brute-force attack by the
|
How strong should your password be for it to be safe from a brute-force attack by the MOAC?
|
||||||
MOAC?
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### Quantifying password strength.
|
### Quantifying password strength.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
*A previous version of this section wasn't clear and accurate. I've since removed the
|
_A previous version of this section wasn't clear and accurate. I've since removed the offending bits and added a clarification about salting/hashing to the [Caveats and estimates]({{<ref "#caveats-and-estimates" >}}) section._
|
||||||
offending bits and added a clarification about salting/hashing to the [Caveats and
|
|
||||||
estimates]({{<ref "#caveats-and-estimates" >}}) section.*
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
A good measure of password strength is **entropy bits.** The entropy bits in a
|
A good measure of password strength is **entropy bits.** The entropy bits in a password is a base-2 logarithm of the number of guesses required to brute-force it.[^1]
|
||||||
password is a base-2 logarithm of the number of guesses required to brute-force
|
|
||||||
it.[^1]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
A brute-force attack that executes 2<sup>n</sup> guesses is certain to crack a
|
A brute-force attack that executes 2<sup>n</sup> guesses is certain to crack a password with _n_ entropy bits, and has a one-in-two chance of cracking a password with _n_+1 entropy bits.
|
||||||
password with *n* entropy bits, and has a one-in-two chance of cracking a password
|
|
||||||
with *n*+1 entropy bits.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
For scale, [AES-256](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Encryption_Standard)
|
For scale, [AES-256](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Encryption_Standard) encryption is currently the industry standard for strong symmetric encryption, and uses key lengths of 256-bits. An exhaustive key search over a 256-bit key space would be up against its 2<sup>256</sup> possible permutations. When using AES-256 encryption with a key derived from a password with more than 256 entropy bits, the entropy of the AES key is the bottleneck; an attacker would fare better by doing an exhaustive key search for the AES key than a brute-force attack for the password.
|
||||||
encryption is currently the industry standard for strong symmetric encryption, and
|
|
||||||
uses key lengths of 256-bits. An exhaustive key search over a 256-bit key space would
|
|
||||||
be up against its 2<sup>256</sup> possible permutations. When using AES-256
|
|
||||||
encryption with a key derived from a password with more than 256 entropy bits, the
|
|
||||||
entropy of the AES key is the bottleneck; an attacker would fare better by doing an
|
|
||||||
exhaustive key search for the AES key than a brute-force attack for the password.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
To calculate the entropy of a password, I recommend using a tool such as
|
To calculate the entropy of a password, I recommend using a tool such as [zxcvbn](https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity16/technical-sessions/presentation/wheeler) or [KeePassXC](https://keepassxc.org/).
|
||||||
[zxcvbn](https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity16/technical-sessions/presentation/wheeler)
|
|
||||||
or [KeePassXC](https://keepassxc.org/).
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The Problem
|
The Problem
|
||||||
-----------
|
-----------
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Define a function `P`. `P` determines the probability that MOAC will correctly guess
|
Define a function `P`. `P` determines the probability that MOAC will correctly guess a password with `n` bits of entropy after using `e` energy:
|
||||||
a password with `n` bits of entropy after using `e` energy:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
P(n, e)
|
P(n, e)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
If `P(n, e) ≥ 1`, the MOAC will certainly guess your password before running out of
|
If `P(n, e) ≥ 1`, the MOAC will certainly guess your password before running out of energy. The lower `P(n, e)` is, the less likely it is for the MOAC to guess your password.
|
||||||
energy. The lower `P(n, e)` is, the less likely it is for the MOAC to guess your
|
|
||||||
password.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Caveats and estimates
|
Caveats and estimates
|
||||||
---------------------
|
---------------------
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
I don't have a strong physics background.
|
I don't have a strong physics background.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
A brute-force attack will just guess a single password until the right one is found.
|
A brute-force attack will just guess a single password until the right one is found. Brute-force attacks won't "decrypt" stored passwords, because they're not supposed to be stored encrypted; they're typically [salted](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_(cryptography)) and hashed.
|
||||||
Brute-force attacks won't "decrypt" stored passwords, because they're not supposed to
|
|
||||||
be stored encrypted; they're typically
|
|
||||||
[salted](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_(cryptography)) and hashed.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
When estimating, we'll prefer higher estimates that increase the odds of it guessing
|
When estimating, we'll prefer higher estimates that increase the odds of it guessing a password; after all, the point of this exercise is to establish an _upper_ limit on password strength. We'll also simplify: for instance, the MOAC will not waste any heat, and the only way it can guess a password is through brute-forcing. Focusing on too many details would defeat the point of this thought experiment.
|
||||||
a password; after all, the point of this exercise is to establish an *upper* limit on
|
|
||||||
password strength. We'll also simplify: for instance, the MOAC will not waste any
|
|
||||||
heat, and the only way it can guess a password is through brute-forcing. Focusing on
|
|
||||||
too many details would defeat the point of this thought experiment.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Quantum computers can use [Grover's
|
Quantum computers can use [Grover's algorithm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover%27s_algorithm) for an exponential speed-up; to account for quantum computers using Grover's algorithm, calculate `P(n/2, e)` instead.
|
||||||
algorithm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover%27s_algorithm) for an exponential
|
|
||||||
speed-up; to account for quantum computers using Grover's algorithm, calculate
|
|
||||||
`P(n/2, e)` instead.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Others are better equipped to explain encryption/hashing/key-derivation algorithms,
|
Others are better equipped to explain encryption/hashing/key-derivation algorithms, so I won't; this is just a pure and simple brute-force attack given precomputed password entropy, assuming that the cryptography is bulletproof.
|
||||||
so I won't; this is just a pure and simple brute-force attack given precomputed
|
|
||||||
password entropy, assuming that the cryptography is bulletproof.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Obviously, I'm not taking into account future mathematical advances; my crystal ball
|
Obviously, I'm not taking into account future mathematical advances; my crystal ball broke after I asked it if humanity would ever develop the technology to make anime real.
|
||||||
broke after I asked it if humanity would ever develop the technology to make anime
|
|
||||||
real.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Finally, there's always a non-zero probability of a brute-force attack guessing a
|
Finally, there's always a non-zero probability of a brute-force attack guessing a password with a given entropy. Literal "immunity" is impossible. Lowering this probability to statistical insignificance renders our password practically immune to brute-force attacks.
|
||||||
password with a given entropy. Literal "immunity" is impossible. Lowering this
|
|
||||||
probability to statistical insignificance renders our password practically immune to
|
|
||||||
brute-force attacks.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Computation
|
Computation
|
||||||
-----------
|
-----------
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
How much energy does MOAC use per guess during a brute-force attack? In the context
|
How much energy does MOAC use per guess during a brute-force attack? In the context of this thought experiment, this number should be unrealistically low. I settled on [`kT`](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KT_(energy)). `k` represents the [Boltzmann Constant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boltzmann_constant) (about 1.381×10<sup>-23</sup> J/K) and `T` represents the temperature of the system. Their product corresponds to the amount of heat required to create a 1 nat increase in a system's entropy.
|
||||||
of this thought experiment, this number should be unrealistically low. I settled on
|
|
||||||
[`kT`](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KT_(energy)). `k` represents the [Boltzmann
|
|
||||||
Constant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boltzmann_constant) (about
|
|
||||||
1.381×10<sup>-23</sup> J/K) and `T` represents the temperature of the system. Their
|
|
||||||
product corresponds to the amount of heat required to create a 1 nat increase in a
|
|
||||||
system's entropy.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
A more involved approach to picking a good value might utilize the [Plank-Einstein
|
A more involved approach to picking a good value might utilize the [Plank-Einstein relation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planck%E2%80%93Einstein_relation).
|
||||||
relation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planck%E2%80%93Einstein_relation).
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
It's also probably a better idea to make this value an estimate for flipping a single
|
It's also probably a better idea to make this value an estimate for flipping a single bit, and to estimate the average number of bit-flips it takes to make a single password guess. If that bothers you, pick a number `b` you believe to be a good estimate for a bit-flip-count and calculate `P(n+b, e)` instead of `P(n, e)`.
|
||||||
bit, and to estimate the average number of bit-flips it takes to make a single
|
|
||||||
password guess. If that bothers you, pick a number `b` you believe to be a good
|
|
||||||
estimate for a bit-flip-count and calculate `P(n+b, e)` instead of `P(n, e)`.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
What's the temperature of the system? Three pieces of information help us find out:
|
What's the temperature of the system? Three pieces of information help us find out:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -158,22 +92,13 @@ What's the temperature of the system? Three pieces of information help us find o
|
||||||
2. The MOAC will be consuming the entire observable universe
|
2. The MOAC will be consuming the entire observable universe
|
||||||
3. The universe is mostly empty
|
3. The universe is mostly empty
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
A good value for `T` would be the average temperature of the entire observable
|
A good value for `T` would be the average temperature of the entire observable universe. The universe is mostly empty; `T` is around the temperature of cosmic background radiation in space. The lowest reasonable estimate for this temperature is 2.7 degrees Kelvin.[^2] A lower temperature means less energy usage, less energy usage allows more computations, and more computations raises the upper limit on password strength.
|
||||||
universe. The universe is mostly empty; `T` is around the temperature of cosmic
|
|
||||||
background radiation in space. The lowest reasonable estimate for this temperature is
|
|
||||||
2.7 degrees Kelvin.[^2] A lower temperature means less energy usage, less energy
|
|
||||||
usage allows more computations, and more computations raises the upper limit on
|
|
||||||
password strength.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Every guess, the MOAC expends `kT` energy. Let `E` = the total amount of energy the
|
Every guess, the MOAC expends `kT` energy. Let `E` = the total amount of energy the MOAC can use; let `B` = the maximum number of guesses the MOAC can execute before running out of energy.
|
||||||
MOAC can use; let `B` = the maximum number of guesses the MOAC can execute before
|
|
||||||
running out of energy.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
B = E/(kT)
|
B = E/(kT)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Now, given the maximum number of passwords the MOAC can guess `B` and the bits of
|
Now, given the maximum number of passwords the MOAC can guess `B` and the bits of entropy in our password `n`, we have an equation for the probability that the MOAC will guess our password:
|
||||||
entropy in our password `n`, we have an equation for the probability that the MOAC
|
|
||||||
will guess our password:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
P(n,B) = B/2ⁿ
|
P(n,B) = B/2ⁿ
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -183,46 +108,33 @@ Plug in our expression for `B`:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### Calculating the mass-energy of the observable universe
|
### Calculating the mass-energy of the observable universe
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The MOAC can use the entire mass-energy of the observable universe.[^3] Simply stuff
|
The MOAC can use the entire mass-energy of the observable universe.[^3] Simply stuff the observable universe into the attached 100% efficient furnace, turn on the burner, and generate power for the computer. You might need to ask a friend for help.
|
||||||
the observable universe into the attached 100% efficient furnace, turn on the burner,
|
|
||||||
and generate power for the computer. You might need to ask a friend for help.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Just how much energy is that? The mass-energy equivalence formula is quite simple:
|
Just how much energy is that? The mass-energy equivalence formula is quite simple:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
E = mc²
|
E = mc²
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
We're trying to find `E` and we know `c`, the speed of light, is 299,792,458 m/s.
|
We're trying to find `E` and we know `c`, the speed of light, is 299,792,458 m/s. That leaves `m`. What's the mass of the observable universe?
|
||||||
That leaves `m`. What's the mass of the observable universe?
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### Calculating the critical density of the observable universe
|
### Calculating the critical density of the observable universe
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Critical density is smallest average density of matter required to *almost* slow the
|
Critical density is smallest average density of matter required to _almost_ slow the expansion of the universe to a stop. Any more dense, and expansion will stop; any less, and expansion will never stop.
|
||||||
expansion of the universe to a stop. Any more dense, and expansion will stop; any
|
|
||||||
less, and expansion will never stop.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Let `D` = critical density of the observable universe and `V` = volume of the
|
Let `D` = critical density of the observable universe and `V` = volume of the observable universe. Mass is the product of density and volume:
|
||||||
observable universe. Mass is the product of density and volume:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
m = DV
|
m = DV
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
We can derive the value of D by solving for it in the [Friedman
|
We can derive the value of D by solving for it in the [Friedman equations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedmann_equations):
|
||||||
equations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedmann_equations):
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
D = 3Hₒ²/(8πG)
|
D = 3Hₒ²/(8πG)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Where `G` is the [Gravitational
|
Where `G` is the [Gravitational Constant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_constant) and `Hₒ` is the [Hubble Constant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubble%27s_law). `Hₒd` is the rate of expansion at proper distance `d`.
|
||||||
Constant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_constant) and `Hₒ` is the
|
|
||||||
[Hubble Constant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubble%27s_law). `Hₒd` is the rate of
|
|
||||||
expansion at proper distance `d`.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Let's assume the observable universe is a sphere, expanding at the speed of light
|
Let's assume the observable universe is a sphere, expanding at the speed of light ever since the Big Bang.[^4] The volume `V` of our spherical universe when given its radius `r` is:
|
||||||
ever since the Big Bang.[^4] The volume `V` of our spherical universe when given its
|
|
||||||
radius `r` is:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
V = (4/3)πr³
|
V = (4/3)πr³
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
To find the radius of the observable universe `r`, we can use the age of the universe
|
To find the radius of the observable universe `r`, we can use the age of the universe `t`:
|
||||||
`t`:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
r = ct
|
r = ct
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -230,13 +142,11 @@ Hubble's Law estimates the age of the universe to be around `1/Hₒ`
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### Solving for E
|
### Solving for E
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Let's plug in all the derived values into our original equation for the mass of the
|
Let's plug in all the derived values into our original equation for the mass of the observable universe `m`:
|
||||||
observable universe `m`:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
m = DV
|
m = DV
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Remember when I opened the article by saying that none of the equations would be long
|
Remember when I opened the article by saying that none of the equations would be long or complex?
|
||||||
or complex?
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
I lied.
|
I lied.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -268,26 +178,20 @@ Plugging those in and simplifying:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Here are some sample outputs:
|
Here are some sample outputs:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
- P(256) ≈ 1.9×10<sup>15</sup> (password certainly cracked after burning 1.9
|
- P(256) ≈ 1.9×10<sup>15</sup> (password certainly cracked after burning 1.9 quadrillionth of the mass-energy of the observable universe).
|
||||||
quadrillionth of the mass-energy of the observable universe).
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
- P(306.76) ≈ 1 (password certainly cracked after burning the mass-energy of the
|
- P(306.76) ≈ 1 (password certainly cracked after burning the mass-energy of the observable universe)
|
||||||
observable universe)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
- P(310) ≈ 0.11 (about one in ten)
|
- P(310) ≈ 0.11 (about one in ten)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
- P(326.6) ≈ 1.1×10<sup>-6</sup> (about one in a million)
|
- P(326.6) ≈ 1.1×10<sup>-6</sup> (about one in a million)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
If your threat model is a bit smaller, simulate putting a smaller object into the
|
If your threat model is a bit smaller, simulate putting a smaller object into the MOAC's furnace. For example, the Earth has a mass of 5.972×10²⁴ kg; this gives the MOAC a one-in-ten-trillion chance of cracking a password with 256 entropy bits and a 100% chance of cracking a 213-bit password.
|
||||||
MOAC's furnace. For example, the Earth has a mass of 5.972×10²⁴ kg; this gives the
|
|
||||||
MOAC a one-in-ten-trillion chance of cracking a password with 256 entropy bits and a
|
|
||||||
100% chance of cracking a 213-bit password.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Sample unbreakable passwords
|
Sample unbreakable passwords
|
||||||
----------------------------
|
----------------------------
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
According to KeePassXC's password generator, each of the following passwords has an
|
According to KeePassXC's password generator, each of the following passwords has an entropy between 330 and 340 bits.
|
||||||
entropy between 330 and 340 bits.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Using the extended-ASCII character set:
|
Using the extended-ASCII character set:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -310,87 +214,49 @@ Don't use actual excerpts from pre-existing works as your password.
|
||||||
Conclusion/TLDR
|
Conclusion/TLDR
|
||||||
---------------
|
---------------
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Question: How much entropy should a password have to ensure it will *never* be
|
Question: How much entropy should a password have to ensure it will _never_ be vulnerable to a brute-force attack? Can an impossibly efficient computer--the MOAC--crack your password?
|
||||||
vulnerable to a brute-force attack? Can an impossibly efficient computer--the
|
|
||||||
MOAC--crack your password?
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Answer: limited only by energy, if a computer with the highest level of efficiency
|
Answer: limited only by energy, if a computer with the highest level of efficiency physically possible is made of matter, does work to compute, and obeys the conservation of energy:
|
||||||
physically possible is made of matter, does work to compute, and obeys the
|
|
||||||
conservation of energy:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
- A password with 256 bits of entropy is practically immune to brute-force attacks
|
- A password with 256 bits of entropy is practically immune to brute-force attacks large enough to quite literally burn the world, but is quite trivial to crack with a universe-scale fuel source.
|
||||||
large enough to quite literally burn the world, but is quite trivial to crack with
|
- A password with 327 bits of entropy is nearly impossible to crack even if you burn the whole observable universe trying to do so.
|
||||||
a universe-scale fuel source.
|
|
||||||
- A password with 327 bits of entropy is nearly impossible to crack even if you burn
|
|
||||||
the whole observable universe trying to do so.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
At that point, a formidable threat would rather use [other
|
At that point, a formidable threat would rather use [other means](https://xkcd.com/538/) to unlock your secrets.
|
||||||
means](https://xkcd.com/538/) to unlock your secrets.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Further reading: alternative approaches
|
Further reading: alternative approaches
|
||||||
---------------------------------------
|
---------------------------------------
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Check out Scott Aaronson's article, [Cosmology and
|
Check out Scott Aaronson's article, [Cosmology and Complexity](https://www.scottaaronson.com/democritus/lec20.html). He uses an alternative approach to finding the maximum bits we can work with: he simply inverts the [cosmological constant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmological_constant).
|
||||||
Complexity](https://www.scottaaronson.com/democritus/lec20.html). He uses an
|
|
||||||
alternative approach to finding the maximum bits we can work with: he simply inverts
|
|
||||||
the [cosmological constant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmological_constant).
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
This model takes into account more than just the mass of the observable universe.
|
This model takes into account more than just the mass of the observable universe. While we previously found that the MOAC can brute-force a password with 306.76 entropy bits, this model allows the same for up to 405.3 bits.
|
||||||
While we previously found that the MOAC can brute-force a password with 306.76
|
|
||||||
entropy bits, this model allows the same for up to 405.3 bits.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### Approaches that account for computation speed
|
### Approaches that account for computation speed
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
This article's approach deliberately disregards computation speed, focusing only on
|
This article's approach deliberately disregards computation speed, focusing only on energy required to finish a set of computations. Other approaches account for physical limits on computation speed.
|
||||||
energy required to finish a set of computations. Other approaches account for
|
|
||||||
physical limits on computation speed.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
One well-known approach to calculating physical limits of computation is
|
One well-known approach to calculating physical limits of computation is [Bremermann's limit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremermann%27s_limit), which calculates the speed of computation given a finite amount of mass. This article's approach disregards time, focusing only on mass-energy equivalence.
|
||||||
[Bremermann's limit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremermann%27s_limit), which
|
|
||||||
calculates the speed of computation given a finite amount of mass. This article's
|
|
||||||
approach disregards time, focusing only on mass-energy equivalence.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[A publication](https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/9908043)[^5] by Seth Lloyd from MIT
|
[A publication](https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/9908043)[^5] by Seth Lloyd from MIT further explores limits to computation speed on an ideal 1-kilogram computer.
|
||||||
further explores limits to computation speed on an ideal 1-kilogram computer.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Acknowledgements
|
Acknowledgements
|
||||||
----------------
|
----------------
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Thanks to [Barna Zsombor](http://bzsombor.web.elte.hu/) and [Ryan
|
Thanks to [Barna Zsombor](http://bzsombor.web.elte.hu/) and [Ryan Coyler](https://rcolyer.net/) for helping me over IRC with my shaky physics and pointing out the caveats of my approach. u/RisenSteam on Reddit also corrected an incorrect reference to AES-256 encryption by bringing up salts.
|
||||||
Coyler](https://rcolyer.net/) for helping me over IRC with my shaky physics and
|
|
||||||
pointing out the caveats of my approach. u/RisenSteam on Reddit also corrected an
|
|
||||||
incorrect reference to AES-256 encryption by bringing up salts.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
My notes from Thermal Physics weren't enough to write this; various Wikipedia
|
My notes from Thermal Physics weren't enough to write this; various Wikipedia articles were also quite helpful, most of which were linked in the body of the article.
|
||||||
articles were also quite helpful, most of which were linked in the body of the
|
|
||||||
article.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
While I was struggling to come up with a good expression for the minimum energy used
|
While I was struggling to come up with a good expression for the minimum energy used per password guess, I stumbled upon a [blog post](https://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2009/09/the_doghouse_cr.html) by Bruce Schneier. It contained a useful excerpt from his book _Applied Cryptography_[^6] involving setting the minimum energy per computation to `kT`. I chose a more conservative estimate for `T` than Schneier did, and a _much_ greater source of energy.
|
||||||
per password guess, I stumbled upon a [blog
|
|
||||||
post](https://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2009/09/the_doghouse_cr.html) by Bruce
|
|
||||||
Schneier. It contained a useful excerpt from his book *Applied Cryptography*[^6]
|
|
||||||
involving setting the minimum energy per computation to `kT`. I chose a more
|
|
||||||
conservative estimate for `T` than Schneier did, and a *much* greater source of
|
|
||||||
energy.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[^1]: James Massey (1994). "Guessing and entropy" (PDF). Proceedings of 1994 IEEE
|
|
||||||
International Symposium on Information Theory. IEEE. p. 204.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[^2]: Assis, A. K. T.; Neves, M. C. D. (3 July 1995). "History of the 2.7 K
|
[^1]: James Massey (1994). "Guessing and entropy" (PDF). Proceedings of 1994 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory. IEEE. p. 204.
|
||||||
Temperature Prior to Penzias and Wilson"
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[^3]: The MOAC 2 was supposed to be able to consume other sources of energy such as
|
[^2]: Assis, A. K. T.; Neves, M. C. D. (3 July 1995). "History of the 2.7 K Temperature Prior to Penzias and Wilson"
|
||||||
dark matter and dark energy. Unfortunately, Intergalactic Business Machines ran out
|
|
||||||
of funds since all their previous funds, being made of matter, were consumed by the
|
|
||||||
original MOAC.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[^4]: This is a massive oversimplification; there isn't a single answer to the
|
[^3]: The MOAC 2 was supposed to be able to consume other sources of energy such as dark matter and dark energy. Unfortunately, Intergalactic Business Machines ran out of funds since all their previous funds, being made of matter, were consumed by the original MOAC.
|
||||||
question "What is the volume of the observable universe?" Using this speed-of-light
|
|
||||||
approach is one of multiple valid perspectives. The absolute size of the observable
|
|
||||||
universe is much greater due to the way expansion works, but stuffing that into the
|
|
||||||
MOAC's furnace would require moving mass faster than the speed of light.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[^5]: Lloyd, S., "Ultimate Physical Limits to Computation," Nature 406.6799,
|
[^4]: This is a massive oversimplification; there isn't a single answer to the question "What is the volume of the observable universe?" Using this speed-of-light approach is one of multiple valid perspectives. The absolute size of the observable universe is much greater due to the way expansion works, but stuffing that into the MOAC's furnace would require moving mass faster than the speed of light.
|
||||||
1047-1054, 2000.
|
|
||||||
|
[^5]: Lloyd, S., "Ultimate Physical Limits to Computation," Nature 406.6799, 1047-1054, 2000.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[^6]: Schneier, Bruce. Applied Cryptography, Second Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1996.
|
[^6]: Schneier, Bruce. Applied Cryptography, Second Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1996.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -3,174 +3,97 @@ date: "2020-11-23T12:21:35-08:00"
|
||||||
description: A lengthy guide to making small sites that focus on content rather than
|
description: A lengthy guide to making small sites that focus on content rather than
|
||||||
form.
|
form.
|
||||||
outputs:
|
outputs:
|
||||||
- html
|
- html
|
||||||
- gemtext
|
- gemtext
|
||||||
tags:
|
tags:
|
||||||
- web
|
- web
|
||||||
- rant
|
- rant
|
||||||
- minimalism
|
- minimalism
|
||||||
title: An opinionated list of best practices for textual websites
|
title: An opinionated list of best practices for textual websites
|
||||||
---
|
---
|
||||||
|
_The following applies to minimal websites that focus primarily on text. It does not apply to websites that have a lot of non-textual content. It also does not apply to websites that focus more on generating revenue or pleasing investors than being good websites._
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
*The following applies to minimal websites that focus primarily on text. It does not
|
This is a "living document" that I add to as I receive feedback. See the [changelog](https://git.sr.ht/~seirdy/seirdy.one/log/master/item/content/posts/website-best-practices.md).
|
||||||
apply to websites that have a lot of non-textual content. It also does not apply to
|
|
||||||
websites that focus more on generating revenue or pleasing investors than being good
|
|
||||||
websites.*
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
This is a "living document" that I add to as I receive feedback. See the
|
I realize not everybody's going to ditch the Web and switch to Gemini or Gopher today (that'll take, like, a month at the longest). Until that happens, here's a non-exhaustive, highly-opinionated list of best practices for websites that focus primarily on text:
|
||||||
[changelog](https://git.sr.ht/~seirdy/seirdy.one/log/master/item/content/posts/website-best-practices.md).
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
I realize not everybody's going to ditch the Web and switch to Gemini or Gopher today
|
- Final page weight under 50kb without images, and under 200kb with images. Page weight should usually be much smaller; these are upper-bounds for exceptional cases.
|
||||||
(that'll take, like, a month at the longest). Until that happens, here's a
|
|
||||||
non-exhaustive, highly-opinionated list of best practices for websites that focus
|
|
||||||
primarily on text:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
- Final page weight under 50kb without images, and under 200kb with images. Page
|
|
||||||
weight should usually be much smaller; these are upper-bounds for exceptional
|
|
||||||
cases.
|
|
||||||
- Works in Lynx, w3m, links (both graphics and text mode), Netsurf, and Dillo
|
- Works in Lynx, w3m, links (both graphics and text mode), Netsurf, and Dillo
|
||||||
- Works with popular article-extractors (e.g. Readability) and HTML-to-Markdown
|
- Works with popular article-extractors (e.g. Readability) and HTML-to-Markdown converters. This is a good way to verify that your site uses simple HTML and works with most non-browser article readers (e.g. ebook converters, PDF exports).
|
||||||
converters. This is a good way to verify that your site uses simple HTML and works
|
|
||||||
with most non-browser article readers (e.g. ebook converters, PDF exports).
|
|
||||||
- No scripts or interactivity (preferably enforced at the CSP level)
|
- No scripts or interactivity (preferably enforced at the CSP level)
|
||||||
- No cookies
|
- No cookies
|
||||||
- No animations
|
- No animations
|
||||||
- No fonts--local or remote--besides `sans-serif` and `monospace`. More on this
|
- No fonts--local or remote--besides `sans-serif` and `monospace`. More on this below.
|
||||||
below.
|
|
||||||
- No referrers
|
- No referrers
|
||||||
- No requests after the page finishes loading
|
- No requests after the page finishes loading
|
||||||
- No 3rd-party resources (preferably enforced at the CSP level)
|
- No 3rd-party resources (preferably enforced at the CSP level)
|
||||||
- No lazy loading (more on this below)
|
- No lazy loading (more on this below)
|
||||||
- No custom colors OR explicitly set the both foreground and background colors. More
|
- No custom colors OR explicitly set the both foreground and background colors. More on this below.
|
||||||
on this below.
|
|
||||||
- A maximum line length for readability
|
- A maximum line length for readability
|
||||||
- Server configured to support compression (gzip, optionally zstd as well). It's a
|
- Server configured to support compression (gzip, optionally zstd as well). It's a free speed boost.
|
||||||
free speed boost.
|
- Supports dark mode via a CSS media feature and/or works with most "dark mode" browser addons. More on this below.
|
||||||
- Supports dark mode via a CSS media feature and/or works with most "dark mode"
|
- A good score on Mozilla's [HTTP Observatory](https://observatory.mozilla.org/). A bare minimum would be 50, but it shouldn't be too hard to hit 100.
|
||||||
browser addons. More on this below.
|
|
||||||
- A good score on Mozilla's [HTTP Observatory](https://observatory.mozilla.org/). A
|
|
||||||
bare minimum would be 50, but it shouldn't be too hard to hit 100.
|
|
||||||
- Optimized images. More on image optimization below.
|
- Optimized images. More on image optimization below.
|
||||||
- All images labeled with alt-text. The page should make sense without images.
|
- All images labeled with alt-text. The page should make sense without images.
|
||||||
- Maybe HTTP/2. There are some cases in which HTTP/2 can make things slower. Run some
|
- Maybe HTTP/2. There are some cases in which HTTP/2 can make things slower. Run some tests to find out.
|
||||||
tests to find out.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
I'd like to re-iterate yet another time that this only applies to websites that
|
I'd like to re-iterate yet another time that this only applies to websites that primarily focus on text. If graphics, interactivity, etc. are an important part of your website, less (possibly none) of this article applies.
|
||||||
primarily focus on text. If graphics, interactivity, etc. are an important part of
|
|
||||||
your website, less (possibly none) of this article applies.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Earlier revisions of this post generated some responses I thought I should address
|
Earlier revisions of this post generated some responses I thought I should address below. Special thanks to the IRC and [Lobsters](https://lobste.rs/s/akcw1m) users who gave good feedback!
|
||||||
below. Special thanks to the IRC and [Lobsters](https://lobste.rs/s/akcw1m) users who
|
|
||||||
gave good feedback!
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
About fonts
|
About fonts
|
||||||
-----------
|
-----------
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
If you really want, you could use serif instead of sans-serif; however, serif fonts
|
If you really want, you could use serif instead of sans-serif; however, serif fonts tend to look worse on low-res monitors. Not every screen's DPI has three digits.
|
||||||
tend to look worse on low-res monitors. Not every screen's DPI has three digits.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
To ship custom fonts is to assert that branding is more important than user choice.
|
To ship custom fonts is to assert that branding is more important than user choice. That might very well be a reasonable thing to do; branding isn't evil! It isn't _usually_ the case for textual websites, though. Beyond basic layout and optionally supporting dark mode, authors generally shouldn't dictate the presentation of their websites; that should be the job of the user agent. Most websites are not important enough to look completely different from the rest of the user's system.
|
||||||
That might very well be a reasonable thing to do; branding isn't evil! It isn't
|
|
||||||
*usually* the case for textual websites, though. Beyond basic layout and optionally
|
|
||||||
supporting dark mode, authors generally shouldn't dictate the presentation of their
|
|
||||||
websites; that should be the job of the user agent. Most websites are not important
|
|
||||||
enough to look completely different from the rest of the user's system.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
A personal example: I set my preferred fonts in my computer's fontconfig settings.
|
A personal example: I set my preferred fonts in my computer's fontconfig settings. Now every website that uses sans-serif will have my preferred font. Sites with sans-serif blend into the users' systems instead of sticking out.
|
||||||
Now every website that uses sans-serif will have my preferred font. Sites with
|
|
||||||
sans-serif blend into the users' systems instead of sticking out.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### But most users don't change their fonts...
|
### But most users don't change their fonts...
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The "users don't know better and need us to make decisions for them" mindset isn't
|
The "users don't know better and need us to make decisions for them" mindset isn't without merits; however, in my opinion, it's overused. Using system fonts doesn't make your website harder to use, but it does make it smaller and stick out less to the subset of users who care enough about fonts to change them. This argument isn't about making software easier for non-technical users; it's about branding by asserting a personal preference.
|
||||||
without merits; however, in my opinion, it's overused. Using system fonts doesn't
|
|
||||||
make your website harder to use, but it does make it smaller and stick out less to
|
|
||||||
the subset of users who care enough about fonts to change them. This argument isn't
|
|
||||||
about making software easier for non-technical users; it's about branding by
|
|
||||||
asserting a personal preference.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### Can't users globally override stylesheets instead?
|
### Can't users globally override stylesheets instead?
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
It's not a good idea to require users to automatically override website stylesheets.
|
It's not a good idea to require users to automatically override website stylesheets. Doing so would break websites that use fonts such as Font Awesome to display vector icons. We shouldn't have these users constantly battle with websites the same way that many adblocking/script-blocking users (myself included) already do when there's a better option.
|
||||||
Doing so would break websites that use fonts such as Font Awesome to display vector
|
|
||||||
icons. We shouldn't have these users constantly battle with websites the same way
|
|
||||||
that many adblocking/script-blocking users (myself included) already do when there's
|
|
||||||
a better option.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
That being said, many users *do* actually override stylesheets. We shouldn't
|
That being said, many users _do_ actually override stylesheets. We shouldn't _require_ them to do so, but we should keep our pages from breaking in case they do. Pages following this article's advice will probably work perfectly well in these cases without any extra effort.
|
||||||
*require* them to do so, but we should keep our pages from breaking in case they do.
|
|
||||||
Pages following this article's advice will probably work perfectly well in these
|
|
||||||
cases without any extra effort.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### But wouldn't that allow a website to fingerprint with fonts?
|
### But wouldn't that allow a website to fingerprint with fonts?
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
I don't know much about fingerprinting, except that you can't do font enumeration
|
I don't know much about fingerprinting, except that you can't do font enumeration without JavaScript. Since text-based websites that follow these best-practices don't send requests after the page loads and have no scripts, fingerprinting via font enumeration is a non-issue on those sites.
|
||||||
without JavaScript. Since text-based websites that follow these best-practices don't
|
|
||||||
send requests after the page loads and have no scripts, fingerprinting via font
|
|
||||||
enumeration is a non-issue on those sites.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Other websites can still fingerprint via font enumeration using JavaScript. They
|
Other websites can still fingerprint via font enumeration using JavaScript. They don't need to stop at seeing what sans-serif maps to; they can see all the available fonts on a user's system, the user's canvas fingerprint, window dimensions, etc. Some of these can be mitigated with Firefox's `privacy.resistFingerprinting` setting, but that setting also understandably overrides user font preferences.
|
||||||
don't need to stop at seeing what sans-serif maps to; they can see all the available
|
|
||||||
fonts on a user's system, the user's canvas fingerprint, window dimensions, etc. Some
|
|
||||||
of these can be mitigated with Firefox's `privacy.resistFingerprinting` setting, but
|
|
||||||
that setting also understandably overrides user font preferences.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Ultimately, surveillance self-defense on the web is an arms race full of trade-offs.
|
Ultimately, surveillance self-defense on the web is an arms race full of trade-offs. If you want both privacy and customizability, the web is not the place to look; try Gemini or Gopher instead.
|
||||||
If you want both privacy and customizability, the web is not the place to look; try
|
|
||||||
Gemini or Gopher instead.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
About lazy loading
|
About lazy loading
|
||||||
------------------
|
------------------
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
For users on slow connections, lazy loading is often frustrating. I think I can speak
|
For users on slow connections, lazy loading is often frustrating. I think I can speak for some of these users: mobile data near my home has a number of "dead zones" with abysmal download speeds, and my home's Wi-Fi repeater setup occasionally results in packet loss rates above 60% (!!).
|
||||||
for some of these users: mobile data near my home has a number of "dead zones" with
|
|
||||||
abysmal download speeds, and my home's Wi-Fi repeater setup occasionally results in
|
|
||||||
packet loss rates above 60% (!!).
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Users on poor connections have better things to do than idly wait for pages to load.
|
Users on poor connections have better things to do than idly wait for pages to load. They might open multiple links in background tabs to wait for them all to load at once, or switch to another window/app and come back when loading finishes. They might also open links while on a good connection before switching to a poor connection. For example, I often open 10-20 links on Wi-Fi before going out for a walk in a mobile-data dead-zone. A Reddit user reading an earlier version of this article described a [similar experience](https://i.reddit.com/r/web_design/comments/k0dmpj/an_opinionated_list_of_best_practices_for_textual/gdmxy4u/) riding the train.
|
||||||
They might open multiple links in background tabs to wait for them all to load at
|
|
||||||
once, or switch to another window/app and come back when loading finishes. They might
|
|
||||||
also open links while on a good connection before switching to a poor connection. For
|
|
||||||
example, I often open 10-20 links on Wi-Fi before going out for a walk in a
|
|
||||||
mobile-data dead-zone. A Reddit user reading an earlier version of this article
|
|
||||||
described a [similar
|
|
||||||
experience](https://i.reddit.com/r/web_design/comments/k0dmpj/an_opinionated_list_of_best_practices_for_textual/gdmxy4u/)
|
|
||||||
riding the train.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Unfortunately, pages with lazy loading don't finish loading off-screen images in the
|
Unfortunately, pages with lazy loading don't finish loading off-screen images in the background. To load this content ahead of time, users need to switch to the loading page and slowly scroll to the bottom to ensure that all the important content appears on-screen and starts loading. Website owners shouldn't expect users to have to jump through these ridiculous hoops.
|
||||||
background. To load this content ahead of time, users need to switch to the loading
|
|
||||||
page and slowly scroll to the bottom to ensure that all the important content appears
|
|
||||||
on-screen and starts loading. Website owners shouldn't expect users to have to jump
|
|
||||||
through these ridiculous hoops.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### Wouldn't this be solved by combining lazy loading with pre-loading/pre-fetching?
|
### Wouldn't this be solved by combining lazy loading with pre-loading/pre-fetching?
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
A large number of users with poor connections also have capped data, and would prefer
|
A large number of users with poor connections also have capped data, and would prefer that pages don't decide to predictively load many pages ahead-of-time for them. Some go so far as to disable this behavior to avoid data overages. Savvy privacy-conscious users also generally disable pre-loading since linked content may employ dark patterns like tracking without consent.
|
||||||
that pages don't decide to predictively load many pages ahead-of-time for them. Some
|
|
||||||
go so far as to disable this behavior to avoid data overages. Savvy privacy-conscious
|
|
||||||
users also generally disable pre-loading since linked content may employ dark
|
|
||||||
patterns like tracking without consent.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Users who click a link *choose* to load a full page. Loading pages that a user hasn't
|
Users who click a link _choose_ to load a full page. Loading pages that a user hasn't clicked on is making a choice for that user.
|
||||||
clicked on is making a choice for that user.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### Can't users on poor connections disable images?
|
### Can't users on poor connections disable images?
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
I have two responses:
|
I have two responses:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
1. If an image isn't essential, you shouldn't include it inline.
|
1. If an image isn't essential, you shouldn't include it inline.
|
||||||
2. Yes, users could disable images. That's *their* choice. If your page uses lazy
|
2. Yes, users could disable images. That's _their_ choice. If your page uses lazy loading, you've effectively (and probably unintentionally) made that choice for a large number of users.
|
||||||
loading, you've effectively (and probably unintentionally) made that choice for a
|
|
||||||
large number of users.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
About custom colors
|
About custom colors
|
||||||
-------------------
|
-------------------
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Some users' browsers set default page colors that aren't black-on-white. For
|
Some users' browsers set default page colors that aren't black-on-white. For instance, Linux users who enable GTK style overrides might default to having white text on a dark background. Websites that explicitly set foreground colors but leave the default background color (or vice-versa) end up being difficult to read. Here's an example:
|
||||||
instance, Linux users who enable GTK style overrides might default to having white
|
|
||||||
text on a dark background. Websites that explicitly set foreground colors but leave
|
|
||||||
the default background color (or vice-versa) end up being difficult to read. Here's
|
|
||||||
an example:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<a href="https://seirdy.one/misc/website_colors_large.png">
|
<a href="https://seirdy.one/misc/website_colors_large.png">
|
||||||
<picture>
|
<picture>
|
||||||
|
|
@ -179,10 +102,7 @@ an example:
|
||||||
</picture>
|
</picture>
|
||||||
</a>
|
</a>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
If you do explicitly set colors, please also include a dark theme using a media
|
If you do explicitly set colors, please also include a dark theme using a media query: `@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark)`. For more info, read the relevant docs [on MDN](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/prefers-color-scheme)
|
||||||
query: `@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark)`. For more info, read the relevant docs
|
|
||||||
[on
|
|
||||||
MDN](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/prefers-color-scheme)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Image optimization
|
Image optimization
|
||||||
------------------
|
------------------
|
||||||
|
|
@ -194,52 +114,31 @@ Some image optimization tools I use:
|
||||||
- [jpegoptim](https://github.com/tjko/jpegoptim) (lossless or lossy)
|
- [jpegoptim](https://github.com/tjko/jpegoptim) (lossless or lossy)
|
||||||
- [cwebp](https://developers.google.com/speed/webp/docs/cwebp) (lossless or lossy)
|
- [cwebp](https://developers.google.com/speed/webp/docs/cwebp) (lossless or lossy)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
I put together a [quick
|
I put together a [quick script](https://git.sr.ht/~seirdy/dotfiles/tree/3b722a843f3945a1bdf98672e09786f0213ec6f6/Executables/shell-scripts/bin/optimize-image) to losslessly optimize images using these programs in my dotfile repo.
|
||||||
script](https://git.sr.ht/~seirdy/dotfiles/tree/3b722a843f3945a1bdf98672e09786f0213ec6f6/Executables/shell-scripts/bin/optimize-image)
|
|
||||||
to losslessly optimize images using these programs in my dotfile repo.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
You also might want to use the HTML `<picture>` element, using JPEG/PNG as a fallback
|
You also might want to use the HTML `<picture>` element, using JPEG/PNG as a fallback for more efficient formats such as WebP or AVIF. More info in the [MDN docs](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/picture)
|
||||||
for more efficient formats such as WebP or AVIF. More info in the [MDN
|
|
||||||
docs](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/picture)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Most of my images will probably be screenshots that start as PNGs. My typical flow:
|
Most of my images will probably be screenshots that start as PNGs. My typical flow:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
1. Lossy compression with `pngquant`
|
1. Lossy compression with `pngquant`
|
||||||
2. Losslessly optimize the result with `oxipng` and its Zopfli backend (slow)
|
2. Losslessly optimize the result with `oxipng` and its Zopfli backend (slow)
|
||||||
3. Also create a lossless WebP from the lossy PNG, using `cwebp`
|
3. Also create a lossless WebP from the lossy PNG, using `cwebp`
|
||||||
4. Include the resulting WebP in the page, with a fallback to the PNG using a
|
4. Include the resulting WebP in the page, with a fallback to the PNG using a `<picture>` element.
|
||||||
`<picture>` element.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
It might seem odd to create a lossless WebP from a lossy PNG, but I've found that
|
It might seem odd to create a lossless WebP from a lossy PNG, but I've found that it's the best way to get the smallest possible image at the minimum acceptable quality for screenshots with solid backgrounds.
|
||||||
it's the best way to get the smallest possible image at the minimum acceptable
|
|
||||||
quality for screenshots with solid backgrounds.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
In general, avoid using inline images just for decoration. Only use an image if it
|
In general, avoid using inline images just for decoration. Only use an image if it significantly adds to your content, and provide alt-text as a fallback.
|
||||||
significantly adds to your content, and provide alt-text as a fallback.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
If you want to include a profile photo (e.g., if your website is part of the
|
If you want to include a profile photo (e.g., if your website is part of the IndieWeb), I recommend re-using one of your favicons. Since most browsers will fetch your favicons anyway, re-using them should be relatively harmless.
|
||||||
IndieWeb), I recommend re-using one of your favicons. Since most browsers will fetch
|
|
||||||
your favicons anyway, re-using them should be relatively harmless.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Layout
|
Layout
|
||||||
------
|
------
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
This is possibly the most subjective item I'm including, and the item with the most
|
This is possibly the most subjective item I'm including, and the item with the most exceptions. Consider it more of a weak suggestion than hard advice. Use your own judgement.
|
||||||
exceptions. Consider it more of a weak suggestion than hard advice. Use your own
|
|
||||||
judgement.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
A simple layout looks good at a variety of window sizes, rendering responsive layout
|
A simple layout looks good at a variety of window sizes, rendering responsive layout changes unnecessary. Textual websites really don't need more than a single column; readers should be able to scan a page top-to-bottom, left-to-right (or right-to-left, depending on the locale) exactly once to read all its content. Verify this using the horizontal-line test: mentally draw a horizontal line across your page, and make sure it doesn't intersect more than one (1) item. Keeping a single-column layout that doesn't require responsive layout changes ensures smooth window re-sizing.
|
||||||
changes unnecessary. Textual websites really don't need more than a single column;
|
|
||||||
readers should be able to scan a page top-to-bottom, left-to-right (or right-to-left,
|
|
||||||
depending on the locale) exactly once to read all its content. Verify this using the
|
|
||||||
horizontal-line test: mentally draw a horizontal line across your page, and make sure
|
|
||||||
it doesn't intersect more than one (1) item. Keeping a single-column layout that
|
|
||||||
doesn't require responsive layout changes ensures smooth window re-sizing.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Exceptions exist: one or two very simple responsive changes won't hurt. For example,
|
Exceptions exist: one or two very simple responsive changes won't hurt. For example, the only responsive layout change on [my website](https://seirdy.one/) is a single CSS declaration to switch between inline and multi-line navigation links at the top of the page:
|
||||||
the only responsive layout change on [my website](https://seirdy.one/) is a single
|
|
||||||
CSS declaration to switch between inline and multi-line navigation links at the top
|
|
||||||
of the page:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
```
|
```
|
||||||
@media (min-width: 32rem) {
|
@media (min-width: 32rem) {
|
||||||
|
|
@ -251,97 +150,51 @@ of the page:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### What about sidebars?
|
### What about sidebars?
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Sidebars are probably unnecessary, and can be quite annoying to readers who re-size
|
Sidebars are probably unnecessary, and can be quite annoying to readers who re-size windows frequently. This is especially true for tiling window manager users like me: we frequently shrink windows to a fraction of their original size. When this happens on a website with a sidebar, one of two things happens:
|
||||||
windows frequently. This is especially true for tiling window manager users like me:
|
|
||||||
we frequently shrink windows to a fraction of their original size. When this happens
|
|
||||||
on a website with a sidebar, one of two things happens:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
1. The site's responsive design kicks in: the sidebar vanishes and its elements move
|
1. The site's responsive design kicks in: the sidebar vanishes and its elements move elsewhere. This can be quite CPU-heavy, as the browser has to both re-wrap the text _and_ handle a complex layout change. Frequent window re-sizers will experience lag and battery loss, and might need a moment to figure out where everything went.
|
||||||
elsewhere. This can be quite CPU-heavy, as the browser has to both re-wrap the
|
2. The site doesn't use responsive design. The navbar and main content are now squeezed together. Readers will probably close the page.
|
||||||
text *and* handle a complex layout change. Frequent window re-sizers will
|
|
||||||
experience lag and battery loss, and might need a moment to figure out where
|
|
||||||
everything went.
|
|
||||||
2. The site doesn't use responsive design. The navbar and main content are now
|
|
||||||
squeezed together. Readers will probably close the page.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Neither situation looks great.
|
Neither situation looks great.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### Sidebar alternatives
|
### Sidebar alternatives
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Common items in sidebars include article tags, an author bio, and an index of
|
Common items in sidebars include article tags, an author bio, and an index of entries; these aren't useful while reading an article. Consider putting them in the article footer or--even better--dedicated pages. This does mean that readers will have to navigate to a different page to see that content, but they probably prefer things that way; almost nobody who clicked on "An opinionated list of best practices for textual websites" did so because they wanted to read my bio.
|
||||||
entries; these aren't useful while reading an article. Consider putting them in the
|
|
||||||
article footer or--even better--dedicated pages. This does mean that readers will
|
|
||||||
have to navigate to a different page to see that content, but they probably prefer
|
|
||||||
things that way; almost nobody who clicked on "An opinionated list of best practices
|
|
||||||
for textual websites" did so because they wanted to read my bio.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Don't boost engagement by providing readers with information they didn't ask for;
|
Don't boost engagement by providing readers with information they didn't ask for; earn engagement with good content, and let readers navigate to your other pages _after_ they've decided they want to read more.
|
||||||
earn engagement with good content, and let readers navigate to your other pages
|
|
||||||
*after* they've decided they want to read more.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Testing
|
Testing
|
||||||
-------
|
-------
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
If your site is simple enough, it should automatically handle the vast majority of
|
If your site is simple enough, it should automatically handle the vast majority of edge-cases. Different devices and browsers all have their quirks, but they generally have one thing in common: they understand semantic, backward-compatible HTML.
|
||||||
edge-cases. Different devices and browsers all have their quirks, but they generally
|
|
||||||
have one thing in common: they understand semantic, backward-compatible HTML.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
In addition to standard testing, I recommend testing with unorthodox setups that are
|
In addition to standard testing, I recommend testing with unorthodox setups that are unlikely to be found in the wild. If a website doesn't look good in one of these tests, there's a good chance that it uses an advanced Web feature that can serve as a point of failure in other cases. Simple sites should be able to look good in a variety of situations out of the box.
|
||||||
unlikely to be found in the wild. If a website doesn't look good in one of these
|
|
||||||
tests, there's a good chance that it uses an advanced Web feature that can serve as a
|
|
||||||
point of failure in other cases. Simple sites should be able to look good in a
|
|
||||||
variety of situations out of the box.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Your page should easily pass the harshest of tests without any extra effort if its
|
Your page should easily pass the harshest of tests without any extra effort if its HTML meets basic standards for well-written code (overlooking bad formatting and a lack of comments). Even if you use a complex static site generator, the final HTML should be simple, readable, and semantic.
|
||||||
HTML meets basic standards for well-written code (overlooking bad formatting and a
|
|
||||||
lack of comments). Even if you use a complex static site generator, the final HTML
|
|
||||||
should be simple, readable, and semantic.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### Sample unorthodox tests
|
### Sample unorthodox tests
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
These tests start out pretty reasonable, but gradually get more insane as you go
|
These tests start out pretty reasonable, but gradually get more insane as you go down. Once again, use your judgement.
|
||||||
down. Once again, use your judgement.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
1. Load just the HTML. No CSS, no images, etc. Try loading without inline CSS as
|
1. Load just the HTML. No CSS, no images, etc. Try loading without inline CSS as well for good measure.
|
||||||
well for good measure.
|
|
||||||
2. Print out the site in black-and-white, preferably with a simple laser printer.
|
2. Print out the site in black-and-white, preferably with a simple laser printer.
|
||||||
3. Test with a screen reader.
|
3. Test with a screen reader.
|
||||||
4. Test keyboard navigability with the tab key. Even without specifying tab indices,
|
4. Test keyboard navigability with the tab key. Even without specifying tab indices, tab selection should follow a logical order if you keep the layout simple.
|
||||||
tab selection should follow a logical order if you keep the layout simple.
|
|
||||||
5. Test in textual browsers: lynx, links, w3m, edbrowse, EWW, etc.
|
5. Test in textual browsers: lynx, links, w3m, edbrowse, EWW, etc.
|
||||||
6. Read the (prettified/indented) HTML source itself and parse it with your brain.
|
6. Read the (prettified/indented) HTML source itself and parse it with your brain. See if anything seems illogical or unnecessary. Imagine giving someone a printout of your page's `<body>` along with a whiteboard. If they have a basic knowledge of HTML tags, would they be able to draw something resembling your website?
|
||||||
See if anything seems illogical or unnecessary. Imagine giving someone a printout
|
7. Test on something ridiculous: try your old e-reader's embedded browser, combine an HTML-to-EPUB converter and an EPUB-to-PDF converter, or stack multiple article-extraction utilities on top of each other. Be creative and enjoy breaking your site. When something breaks, examine the breakage and see if you can fix it by simplifying your page.
|
||||||
of your page's `<body>` along with a whiteboard. If they have a basic knowledge
|
8. Build a time machine. Travel decades--or perhaps centuries--into the future. Keep going forward until the WWW is breathing its last breath. Test your site on future browsers. Figuring out how to transfer your files onto their computers might take some time, but you have a time machine so that shouldn't be too hard. When you finish, go back in time to [meet Benjamin Franklin](https://xkcd.com/567/).
|
||||||
of HTML tags, would they be able to draw something resembling your website?
|
|
||||||
7. Test on something ridiculous: try your old e-reader's embedded browser, combine
|
|
||||||
an HTML-to-EPUB converter and an EPUB-to-PDF converter, or stack multiple
|
|
||||||
article-extraction utilities on top of each other. Be creative and enjoy breaking
|
|
||||||
your site. When something breaks, examine the breakage and see if you can fix it
|
|
||||||
by simplifying your page.
|
|
||||||
8. Build a time machine. Travel decades--or perhaps centuries--into the future. Keep
|
|
||||||
going forward until the WWW is breathing its last breath. Test your site on
|
|
||||||
future browsers. Figuring out how to transfer your files onto their computers
|
|
||||||
might take some time, but you have a time machine so that shouldn't be too hard.
|
|
||||||
When you finish, go back in time to [meet Benjamin
|
|
||||||
Franklin](https://xkcd.com/567/).
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
I'm still on step 7, trying to find new ways to break this page. If you come up with
|
I'm still on step 7, trying to find new ways to break this page. If you come up with a new test, please [share it](mailto:~seirdy/seirdy.one-comments@lists.sr.ht).
|
||||||
a new test, please [share it](mailto:~seirdy/seirdy.one-comments@lists.sr.ht).
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Other places to check out
|
Other places to check out
|
||||||
-------------------------
|
-------------------------
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The [250kb club](https://250kb.club/) gathers websites at or under 250kb, and also
|
The [250kb club](https://250kb.club/) gathers websites at or under 250kb, and also rewards websites that have a high ratio of content size to total size.
|
||||||
rewards websites that have a high ratio of content size to total size.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The [10KB Club](https://10kbclub.com/) does the same with a 10kb homepage budget
|
The [10KB Club](https://10kbclub.com/) does the same with a 10kb homepage budget (excluding favicons and webmanifest icons). It also has guidelines for noteworthiness, to avoid low-hanging fruit like mostly-blank pages.
|
||||||
(excluding favicons and webmanifest icons). It also has guidelines for
|
|
||||||
noteworthiness, to avoid low-hanging fruit like mostly-blank pages.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Also see [Motherfucking Website](https://motherfuckingwebsite.com/). Motherfucking
|
Also see [Motherfucking Website](https://motherfuckingwebsite.com/). Motherfucking Website inspired several unofficial sequels that tried to gently improve upon it. My favorite is [Best Motherfucking Website](https://bestmotherfucking.website/).
|
||||||
Website inspired several unofficial sequels that tried to gently improve upon it. My
|
|
||||||
favorite is [Best Motherfucking Website](https://bestmotherfucking.website/).
|
The [WebBS calculator](https://www.webbloatscore.com/) compares a page's size with the size of a PNG screenshot of the full page content, encouraging site owners to minimize the ratio of the two.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The [WebBS calculator](https://www.webbloatscore.com/) compares a page's size with
|
|
||||||
the size of a PNG screenshot of the full page content, encouraging site owners to
|
|
||||||
minimize the ratio of the two.
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
||||||
Loading…
Reference in a new issue