seirdy.one/content/posts/website-best-practices.md

---
date: "2020-11-23T12:21:35-08:00"
description: A lengthy guide to making small sites that focus on content rather than
  form.
outputs:
- html
- gemtext
tags:
- web
- rant
- minimalism
title: An opinionated list of best practices for textual websites
---

*The following applies to minimal websites that focus primarily on text. It does not
apply to websites that have a lot of non-textual content. It also does not apply to
websites that focus more on generating revenue or pleasing investors than being good
websites.*

This is a "living document" that I add to as I receive feedback. See the
[changelog](https://git.sr.ht/~seirdy/seirdy.one/log/master/item/content/posts/website-best-practices.md).

I realize not everybody's going to ditch the Web and switch to Gemini or Gopher today
(that'll take, like, a month at the longest). Until that happens, here's a
non-exhaustive, highly-opinionated list of best practices for websites that focus
primarily on text:

- Final page weight under 50kb without images, and under 200kb with images. Page
  weight should usually be much smaller; these are upper-bounds for exceptional
  cases.
- Works in Lynx, w3m, links (both graphics and text mode), Netsurf, and Dillo
- Works with popular article-extractors (e.g. Readability) and HTML-to-Markdown
  converters. This is a good way to verify that your site uses simple HTML and works
  with most non-browser article readers (e.g. ebook converters, PDF exports).
- No scripts or interactivity (preferably enforced at the CSP level)
- No cookies
- No animations
- No fonts--local or remote--besides `sans-serif` and `monospace`. More on this
  below.
- No referrers
- No requests after the page finishes loading
- No 3rd-party resources (preferably enforced at the CSP level)
- No lazy loading (more on this below)
- No custom colors OR explicitly set the both foreground and background colors. More
  on this below.
- A maximum line length for readability
- Server configured to support compression (gzip, optionally zstd as well). It's a
  free speed boost.
- Supports dark mode via a CSS media feature and/or works with most "dark mode"
  browser addons. More on this below.
- A good score on Mozilla's [HTTP Observatory](https://observatory.mozilla.org/). A
  bare minimum would be 50, but it shouldn't be too hard to hit 100.
- Optimized images. More on image optimization below.
- All images labeled with alt-text. The page should make sense without images.
- Maybe HTTP/2. There are some cases in which HTTP/2 can make things slower. Run some
  tests to find out.

I'd like to re-iterate yet another time that this only applies to websites that
primarily focus on text. If graphics, interactivity, etc. are an important part of
your website, less (possibly none) of this article applies.

Earlier revisions of this post generated some responses I thought I should address
below. Special thanks to the IRC and [Lobsters](https://lobste.rs/s/akcw1m) users who
gave good feedback!

About fonts
-----------

If you really want, you could use serif instead of sans-serif; however, serif fonts
tend to look worse on low-res monitors. Not every screen's DPI has three digits.

To ship custom fonts is to assert that branding is more important than user choice.
That might very well be a reasonable thing to do; branding isn't evil! It isn't
*usually* the case for textual websites, though. Beyond basic layout and optionally
supporting dark mode, authors generally shouldn't dictate the presentation of their
websites; that should be the job of the user agent. Most websites are not important
enough to look completely different from the rest of the user's system.

A personal example: I set my preferred fonts in my computer's fontconfig settings.
Now every website that uses sans-serif will have my preferred font. Sites with
sans-serif blend into the users' systems instead of sticking out.

### But most users don't change their fonts...

The "users don't know better and need us to make decisions for them" mindset isn't
without merits; however, in my opinion, it's overused. Using system fonts doesn't
make your website harder to use, but it does make it smaller and stick out less to
the subset of users who care enough about fonts to change them. This argument isn't
about making software easier for non-technical users; it's about branding by
asserting a personal preference.

### Can't users globally override stylesheets instead?

It's not a good idea to require users to automatically override website stylesheets.
Doing so would break websites that use fonts such as Font Awesome to display vector
icons. We shouldn't have these users constantly battle with websites the same way
that many adblocking/script-blocking users (myself included) already do when there's
a better option.

That being said, many users *do* actually override stylesheets. We shouldn't
*require* them to do so, but we should keep our pages from breaking in case they do.
Pages following this article's advice will probably work perfectly well in these
cases without any extra effort.

### But wouldn't that allow a website to fingerprint with fonts?

I don't know much about fingerprinting, except that you can't do font enumeration
without JavaScript. Since text-based websites that follow these best-practices don't
send requests after the page loads and have no scripts, fingerprinting via font
enumeration is a non-issue on those sites.

Other websites can still fingerprint via font enumeration using JavaScript. They
don't need to stop at seeing what sans-serif maps to; they can see all the available
fonts on a user's system, the user's canvas fingerprint, window dimensions, etc. Some
of these can be mitigated with Firefox's `privacy.resistFingerprinting` setting, but
that setting also understandably overrides user font preferences.

Ultimately, surveillance self-defense on the web is an arms race full of trade-offs.
If you want both privacy and customizability, the web is not the place to look; try
Gemini or Gopher instead.

About lazy loading
------------------

For users on slow connections, lazy loading is often frustrating. I think I can speak
for some of these users: mobile data near my home has a number of "dead zones" with
abysmal download speeds, and my home's Wi-Fi repeater setup occasionally results in
packet loss rates above 60% (!!).

Users on poor connections have better things to do than idly wait for pages to load.
They might open multiple links in background tabs to wait for them all to load at
once, or switch to another window/app and come back when loading finishes. They might
also open links while on a good connection before switching to a poor connection. For
example, I often open 10-20 links on Wi-Fi before going out for a walk in a
mobile-data dead-zone. A Reddit user reading an earlier version of this article
described a [similar
experience](https://i.reddit.com/r/web_design/comments/k0dmpj/an_opinionated_list_of_best_practices_for_textual/gdmxy4u/)
riding the train.

Unfortunately, pages with lazy loading don't finish loading off-screen images in the
background. To load this content ahead of time, users need to switch to the loading
page and slowly scroll to the bottom to ensure that all the important content appears
on-screen and starts loading. Website owners shouldn't expect users to have to jump
through these ridiculous hoops.

### Wouldn't this be solved by combining lazy loading with pre-loading/pre-fetching?

A large number of users with poor connections also have capped data, and would prefer
that pages don't decide to predictively load many pages ahead-of-time for them. Some
go so far as to disable this behavior to avoid data overages. Savvy privacy-conscious
users also generally disable pre-loading since linked content may employ dark
patterns like tracking without consent.

Users who click a link *choose* to load a full page. Loading pages that a user hasn't
clicked on is making a choice for that user.

### Can't users on poor connections disable images?

I have two responses:

1.  If an image isn't essential, you shouldn't include it inline.
2.  Yes, users could disable images. That's *their* choice. If your page uses lazy
    loading, you've effectively (and probably unintentionally) made that choice for a
    large number of users.

About custom colors
-------------------

Some users' browsers set default page colors that aren't black-on-white. For
instance, Linux users who enable GTK style overrides might default to having white
text on a dark background. Websites that explicitly set foreground colors but leave
the default background color (or vice-versa) end up being difficult to read. Here's
an example:

<a href="https://seirdy.one/misc/website_colors_large.png">
<picture>
<source srcset="https://seirdy.one/misc/website_colors.webp" type="image/webp">
<img src="https://seirdy.one/misc/website_colors.png" width="478" height="363" alt="This page with a grey background, a header with unreadable black/grey text, and unreadable white-on-white code snippets">
</picture>
</a>

If you do explicitly set colors, please also include a dark theme using a media
query: `@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark)`. For more info, read the relevant docs
[on
MDN](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/prefers-color-scheme)

Image optimization
------------------

Some image optimization tools I use:

- [pngquant](http://pngquant.org) (lossy)
- [Oxipng](https://github.com/shssoichiro/oxipng) (lossless)
- [jpegoptim](https://github.com/tjko/jpegoptim) (lossless or lossy)
- [cwebp](https://developers.google.com/speed/webp/docs/cwebp) (lossless or lossy)

I put together a [quick
script](https://git.sr.ht/~seirdy/dotfiles/tree/3b722a843f3945a1bdf98672e09786f0213ec6f6/Executables/shell-scripts/bin/optimize-image)
to losslessly optimize images using these programs in my dotfile repo.

You also might want to use the HTML `<picture>` element, using JPEG/PNG as a fallback
for more efficient formats such as WebP or AVIF. More info in the [MDN
docs](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/picture)

Most of my images will probably be screenshots that start as PNGs. My typical flow:

1.  Lossy compression with `pngquant`
2.  Losslessly optimize the result with `oxipng` and its Zopfli backend (slow)
3.  Also create a lossless WebP from the lossy PNG, using `cwebp`
4.  Include the resulting WebP in the page, with a fallback to the PNG using a
    `<picture>` element.

It might seem odd to create a lossless WebP from a lossy PNG, but I've found that
it's the best way to get the smallest possible image at the minimum acceptable
quality for screenshots with solid backgrounds.

In general, avoid using inline images just for decoration. Only use an image if it
significantly adds to your content, and provide alt-text as a fallback.

Layout
------

This is possibly the most subjective item I'm including, and the item with the most
exceptions. Consider it more of a weak suggestion than hard advice. Use your own
judgement.

A simple layout looks good at a variety of window sizes, rendering responsive layout
changes unnecessary. Textual websites really don't need more than a single column;
readers should be able to scan a page top-to-bottom, left-to-right (or right-to-left,
depending on the locale) exactly once to read all its content. Verify this using the
horizontal-line test: mentally draw a horizontal line across your page, and make sure
it doesn't intersect more than one (1) item. Keeping a single-column layout that
doesn't require responsive layout changes ensures smooth window re-sizing.

Exceptions exist: one or two very simple responsive changes won't hurt. For example,
the only responsive layout change on [my website](https://seirdy.one/) is a single
CSS declaration to switch between inline and multi-line navigation links at the top
of the page:

```
@media (min-width: 32rem) {
  nav li {
    display: inline;
  }
}
```

### What about sidebars?

Sidebars are probably unnecessary, and can be quite annoying to readers who re-size
windows frequently. This is especially true for tiling window manager users like me:
we frequently shrink windows to a fraction of their original size. When this happens
on a website with a sidebar, one of two things happens:

1.  The site's responsive design kicks in: the sidebar vanishes and its elements move
    elsewhere. This can be quite CPU-heavy, as the browser has to both re-wrap the
    text *and* handle a complex layout change. Frequent window re-sizers will
    experience lag and battery loss, and might need a moment to figure out where
    everything went.
2.  The site doesn't use responsive design. The navbar and main content are now
    squeezed together. Readers will probably close the page.

Neither situation looks great.

### Sidebar alternatives

Common items in sidebars include article tags, an author bio, and an index of
entries; these aren't useful while reading an article. Consider putting them in the
article footer or--even better--dedicated pages. This does mean that readers will
have to navigate to a different page to see that content, but they probably prefer
things that way; almost nobody who clicked on "An opinionated list of best practices
for textual websites" did so because they wanted to read my bio.

Don't boost engagement by providing readers with information they didn't ask for;
earn engagement with good content, and let readers navigate to your other pages
*after* they've decided they want to read more.

Testing
-------

If your site is simple enough, it should automatically handle the vast majority of
edge-cases. Different devices and browsers all have their quirks, but they generally
have one thing in common: they understand semantic, backward-compatible HTML.

In addition to standard testing, I recommend testing with unorthodox setups that are
unlikely to be found in the wild. If a website doesn't look good in one of these
tests, there's a good chance that it uses an advanced Web feature that can serve as a
point of failure in other cases. Simple sites should be able to look good in a
variety of situations out of the box.

Your page should easily pass the harshest of tests without any extra effort if its
HTML meets basic standards for well-written code (overlooking bad formatting and a
lack of comments). Even if you use a complex static site generator, the final HTML
should be simple, readable, and semantic.

### Sample unorthodox tests

These tests start out pretty reasonable, but gradually get more insane as you go
down. Once again, use your judgement.

1.  Load just the HTML. No CSS, no images, etc. Try loading without inline CSS as
    well for good measure.
2.  Print out the site in black-and-white, preferably with a simple laser printer.
3.  Test with a screen reader.
4.  Test keyboard navigability with the tab key. Even without specifying tab indices,
    tab selection should follow a logical order if you keep the layout simple.
5.  Test in textual browsers: lynx, links, w3m, edbrowse, EWW, etc.
6.  Read the (prettified/indented) HTML source itself and parse it with your brain.
    See if anything seems illogical or unnecessary. Imagine giving someone a printout
    of your page's `<body>` along with a whiteboard. If they have a basic knowledge
    of HTML tags, would they be able to draw something resembling your website?
7.  Test on something ridiculous: try your old e-reader's embedded browser, combine
    an HTML-to-EPUB converter and an EPUB-to-PDF converter, or stack multiple
    article-extraction utilities on top of each other. Be creative and enjoy breaking
    your site. When something breaks, examine the breakage and see if you can fix it
    by simplifying your page.
8.  Build a time machine. Travel decades--or perhaps centuries--into the future. Keep
    going forward until the WWW is breathing its last breath. Test your site on
    future browsers. Figuring out how to transfer your files onto their computers
    might take some time, but you have a time machine so that shouldn't be too hard.
    When you finish, go back in time to [meet Benjamin
    Franklin](https://xkcd.com/567/).

I'm still on step 7, trying to find new ways to break this page. If you come up with
a new test, please [share it](mailto:~seirdy/seirdy.one-comments@lists.sr.ht).

Other places to check out
-------------------------

The [250kb club](https://250kb.club/) gathers websites at or under 250kb, and also
rewards websites that have a high ratio of content size to total size.

Also see [Motherfucking Website](https://motherfuckingwebsite.com/). Motherfucking
Website inspired several unofficial sequels that tried to gently improve upon it. My
favorite is [Best Motherfucking Website](https://bestmotherfucking.website/).

The [WebBS calculator](https://www.webbloatscore.com/) compares a page's size with
the size of a PNG screenshot of the full page content, encouraging site owners to
minimize the ratio of the two.