/* CSS that adds the bare minimum for a simple, accessible, * touch-friendly layout. * Nothing here exists purely for aesthetics; everything addresses a * specific a11y, compatibility, or critical * usability need. * * One exception: I re-set the input styles so Safari wouldn't make them * pill-shaped. * * I also don't use any classes except for image presentation. (e.g. to * specify that an image should have pixelated rendering or be inverted * in dark mode). * My HTML contains microformats2 classnames for IndieWeb parsers, but I * don't actually use those for styling. * * To keep myself from caring about minute details, I limited myself to * only defining spacing in increments of .25em. Pixels are 1px or * multiples of 3px. This also improves compression. No more "finding * the perfect value". * * I cite WCAG 2.2 success criteria with "SC". I also tried to meet * the Google a11y requirement of 48px tap targets separated by atl * 8px, excluding inline links. This involved increasing font size, * padding, line-height, and margins. */ html { /* Mobile screens benefit from greater line-spacing so links are * further apart. Dyslexic users prefer the spacing too. * Necessary to meet SC 1.4.8. * <100dpi screens: sans-serif is better. Why did browsers settle * on serif being the default?? */ font: 100%/1.5 sans-serif; /* Nearly every page on my site is taller than the viewport. * Paint the scrollbar ASAP to prevent layout shifts. */ overflow-y: scroll; } /* This should not take effect on printouts, to save paper. */ @media screen { body { /* Default font sizes are one-size-fits-all; they're optimized for a * wide variety of complex pages. For single-column websites like * mine, it's ideal to bump it up ever so slightly. This also makes * , , , etc. large enough to have decent contrast * with minimal adjustment, and makes tap-targets larger. * Only do this on screen, since printouts already improve legibility * and cost paper + ink. * 108.75% is the minimum required to get superscripts to reach 14.5 * CSS pixels with most default stylesheets. At that size, my dark * color palette has sufficient contrast.*/ font-size: 108.75%; /* Aligning to the center with space on both sides prevents accidental * link activation on tablets, and is a common practice that users are * more used to for articles. */ margin: auto; /* WCAG recommends a max line width. Not everyone can resize the * viewport. This isn't for large blocks of text yet, so we don't have * to go by SC 1.4.8. * 45em = lowest acceptable width for titles, nav, footers, etc */ max-width: 45em; /* Phone cases can cover the edges. Swipe-from-edge navigations * should not conflict with the page elements. Focus outlines for * heavily-padded nav links should not be cut-off. All three concerns * are addressed by adding some body padding. * I followed Google's a11y recommendations of "at least 8px space * between tappables" by creating margins/paddings between nav links; * re-use that same amount of space here. 24px is what it takes to * create atl 48px of non-interactive space on
    and
      elements * containing lists of interactives, with 8px in between. * Don't use relative units here; this margin shouldn't scale with * zoom, or else text will get narrower with zoom. */ padding: 0 24px; } /* 45em is too wide for long body text. * Typically meets SC 1.4.8, plus or minus a few characters. */ div[itemprop="articleBody"] { margin: auto; max-width: 35em; } summary { /* It's not obvious that a has button semantics. * "cursor: pointer" is used on MDN, web.dev, GitHub, gov.uk, and * others so it's not "novel" and won't surprise users. */ cursor: pointer; } /* If we have a list of disclosure widgets, we need some * non-interactive space on the screen that's safe to tap. */ form, li details { margin: .5em 0; } /* Make superscripts a bit easier to tap. */ sup > a { margin-left: .25em; padding-bottom: .25em; } /* SC 2.5.5, Google a11y: Increase tap target size a bit * - Summary is a tappable button * - standalone links in lists are usually parts of collections of * links that should be easy to fat-finger * - links that directly follow h2 without being contained in a * paragraph are section permalinks. */ input, div[itemprop="comment"] dd > a, dt > a, summary, nav[itemprop="breadcrumb"] a, nav[itemprop="breadcrumb"] > span, aside > a, /* Used for section permalinks */ li > a { padding: .75em .25em; } /* Compensate for misalignment and wasted space caused by padding * and margin adjustments in nav children made to meet SC 2.5.5 * Also prevent overlapping outlines on focus */ /* We've increased the padding for dt > a, but dt without a link * should take up as much space. */ dt { margin: .75em 0; } dt > a { margin: -.75em 0 -.75em -.25em; display: inline-block; } /*
      should not be closer to the previous
      than the following
      . * That can happen in webmentions. */ dd { padding-bottom: .25em; } aside > a { margin: -.75em -.25em; } header a[href="#main"], div[itemprop="comment"] dd > a , footer > nav, /* List items with direct hyperlink children should only have one hyperlink. */ li > a, aside > a, nav ol a { margin-left: -.25em; display: inline-block; } /* The nav has to be distant-enough from the top to make room for a skip-link. */ header > nav { margin: .75em 0 0 -.25em; display: block; } /* Multiple consecutive
      that share a
      shouldn't have tap targets overlap */ dt + dt > a { padding-top: 0; } nav:not([itemprop="breadcrumb"]) li, ol li > a { margin: .25em; } /* Increase backlink tap target size */ a[role="doc-backlink"] { padding: 0 1.75em 1.5em .25em; } /* Make room for those big backlink buttons so they don't overlap * with links on the following endnote */ section[role="doc-endnotes"] li { margin-bottom: 1.75em; } header a[href="#main"] { position: absolute; top: -2em; padding: 0 .25em; } header a[href="#main"]:focus { top: 0; } } /* narrow screens: reduce list indentation, hyphenate nested lists * touch screens: lists of links should be easy to tap so give them * some spacing (partial SC 2.5.5). There should be non-interactive * space to the left that's safe to tap. */ dd, ol, ul { margin: 0; padding-left: 1.5em; } blockquote, ol ol, ul ul { -webkit-hyphens: auto; hyphens: auto; margin: 0; padding-left: 1em; } /* Save some space and paper by making the site nav and footer links * single-line without bullets. The title should be visible in the fold * on most screens so users can identify the current page. */ /* Step 1 to making the single-line nav: remove the bullet padding. */ nav ul { padding: 0; } /* Make breadcrumbs inline, so they look familiar. */ nav[itemprop="breadcrumb"] ol, nav[itemprop="breadcrumb"] li, nav[itemprop="breadcrumb"] > span { display: inline-block; } nav[itemprop="breadcrumb"] ol { margin: -.25em 0; padding: 0; } nav[itemprop="breadcrumb"] li:not(:last-of-type)::after { content: "→"; } /* step 2: remove bullets and make elements inline. * Also: bump up the line-height and margins to increase space * between tap-targets (SC 2.5.5). Google a11y guidelines require 8 CSS * pixels between tap targets. */ nav ul li { display: inline-block; margin-right: .5em; } /* narrow screens: we reduce margin for blockquotes a lot, using * a border instead. */ blockquote { border-left: 3px solid; } /* Narrow screens: allow hyphenating titles * I can't add soft hyphens to these. */ h1 { -webkit-hyphens: auto; hyphens: auto; } /* Very narrow screens: full hyphenation. * This is the typical width of a smart feature phone. */ @media (max-width: 15em) { body { font-size: 100%; -webkit-hyphens: auto; hyphens: auto; padding: 0 8px; } } /* should be distinguished from and surrounding text * in a way beyond font-face; at least two visual distinctions needed * Also, Small text is easier to read when slightly bolder. * This is important in the dark theme where I set my own colors and * try to maintain good perceptual contrast even for small text, but * I don't want toggling the theme to impact anything besides color so * I set the weight here. */ dt, kbd { font-weight: bold; } /* should not be mistaken for hyperlinks. * "note" roles should look distinct. */ ins, [role="note"], [role="doc-tip"] { font-style: italic; text-decoration: none; } /* narrow screens: remove unused figure margins * figure captions shouldn't look like regular paragraphs; there should * be some extra space. * This does not hold true for figures in somewhat distinct sections; the * section should instead get the spacing. A section that constitutes a * separate schema.org object would qualify. */ section[itemprop="mentions"], figure { margin: 1.5em 0; } section[itemprop="mentions"] > figure { margin: 0; } /* browsers make monospace small and unreadable for some dumb legacy * reason and this somehow fixes that without overriding the user's * font size preferences. */ code, kbd, pre, /* Needed for ancient browsers */ samp { font-family: monospace, monospace; } /* Some browsers don't support the hidden attr. * I use hidden spans in backlinks to provide ARIA labels. * Some ancient browsers don't support input[type="hidden"] */ span[hidden], input[type="hidden"] { display: none; } /* Remove list style from data feeds. */ main[itemtype="https://schema.org/DataFeed"] > ol { padding: 0; list-style-type: none; } /* Narrow screens: long words can cause content to flow out of the * viewport, triggering horizontal scrolling. Allow breaking words in * content I don't control (comments, names). For content I do control, * I just add soft hyphens to the HTML. */ div[itemprop="comment"], :not(pre) > code, :not(pre) > samp, span[itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"] { overflow-wrap: break-word; } /* Narrow screens: allow horizontal scroll in a pre block. */ pre { overflow: auto; padding: .5em; } /* Distinguish images from the background in case their color is * too similar to the page background color. Also put a border around *
       and  to distinguish them in ways besides font-family.
       * The tappable region of a  extends across the page: we
       * need to tell users that the full space is interactive.
       * This is Technique C25 of SC 1.4.8 */
      input,
      img,
      mark, /* borders provide a distinguishing factor besides color */
      pre,
      summary {
      	border: 1px solid;
      }
      
      /* A black border is too harsh; the extra visual noise is distracting
       * to users with eye-tracking or ADHD. Only special items like headings
       * should draw gaze. */
      :not(pre) > code,
      :not(pre) > samp {
      	border: 1px solid #999;
      
      	/* borders shouldn't touch text */
      	padding: 0 .25em;
      }
      
      /* center standalone images; same justification as
       * for centering the body contents. Also makes images easier to see
       * for people holding a device with one hand. */
      div[itemprop="articleBody"] img {
      	display: block;
      	height: auto;
      	margin: auto;
      	max-width: 100%;
      }
      
      audio {
      	width: 100%;
      }
      
      /* Some images look blurry when scaled; this makes them easier to
       * read. */
      .pix {
      	image-rendering: pixelated;
      }
      
      /* Make search box and submit button as wide as possible while keeping
       * them next to each other. */
      
      /* Use table-style layout (no, not actual tables. eww.). It's like a
       * single-row flexbox that supports more browsers. Kanged this CSS from
       * ww.gov.uk. Give the entire width of the row to the search box, but
       * allow the minimum width for the submit button. */
      legend, /* Makes the  wrap text in some browsers. */
      form > div {
      	display: table;
      	width: 100%
      }
      
      input {
      	/* Browsers like Safari make the submit button pill-shaped which
      	 * clashes with the input box. The only purely-cosmetic change on this
      	 * site. */
      	appearance: none;
      
      	/* Don't shrink the size of the text in forms or make it system-ui. */
      	font-family: sans-serif;
      	font-size: inherit;
      }
      
      /* A text box should take all available width */
      input:not([type="submit"]) {
      	display: table-cell;
      	width: 98%;
      }
      
      /* Pseudo-table-cell containing the submit button */
      form > div > div {
      	display: table-cell;
      	vertical-align: top; /* IE and some botique browsers need this */
      	width: 1%;
      }
      
      
      /* Some browser focus indicators are inaccessible; override them with
       * something more visible. See WCAG 2.x SC 2.4.12. I also tried to
       * match browser behavior; mainstream browsers use :focus-visible
       * instead of focus but older/simpler browsers only support :focus.
       * I borrowed these directives from
       * https://www.tempertemper.net/blog/refining-focus-styles-with-focus-visible
       * To my knowledge: , , and 
       are the only
       * focusable elements.
       * */
      
      a:focus,
      summary:focus,
      pre[tabindex]:focus,
      form :focus {
      	outline: 3px solid;
      }
      
      /* Remove :focus styling for browsers that do support :focus-visible.
       * Leave it on for form stuff. */
      @supports selector(:focus-visible) {
      	a:focus:not(:focus-visible),
      	summary:focus:not(:focus-visible),
      	pre[tabindex]:focus:not(:focus-visible) {
      		outline: none;
      	}
      }
      
      /* Todo:
       * - Some browsers don't scale SVGs properly; the img container
       *   dimensions crop the image rather than scale it. Investigate
       *   if this only applies to Internet Explorer or if it applies to
       *   other uncommon browsers too. If any non-IE browsers do this and/or
       *   if the spec allows this behavior, try to correct it here.
       * - Wait till Webkit fixes its broken-ass default dark stylesheet
       *   then consider trimming the dark stylesheet I provide.
       * */